The Hemlock Cup - Bettany Hughes [223]
4 Sappho, F 96.
5 Inscriptiones Graecae III.351.
6 Pausanias, 1.43.5 and 5.11.8.
7 Aeschylus, The Eumenides, 970–96. Trans. P. Vellacott (1956).
8 Paraphrased from Sir Edward Bysshe, The Memorable Thoughts of Socrates (1747), 49.
9 Plato, Apology, 28a–b. Trans. Brickhouse and Smith (2002).
CHAPTER NINE
Alopeke: a philosopher is born
1 Trans. Brickhouse and Smith (2002).
2 An unsourced quotation attributed to Socrates, still cited by scholars today, e.g., Rotberg (2004), viii.
3 The Acropolis is 490 feet above sea level.
4 At this time there were ten tribes and 139 deme-districts in Athens.
5 Plato, Gorgias, 495d.
6 See Aristotle, Ath. Pol., 21.
7 Aristophanes, Acharnians, 247–70.
8 Plato, Republic, 475d. For the Rural Dionysia, see Whitehead (1986).
9 C. Meier (1999), 3, cites the Persian advance and flight by Athenians as taking place in ‘the late summer of 480 BC, most likely towards the end of September’.
10 Herodotus, 7.144.
11 Herodotus, 7.56.
12 Herodotus, 9.1–15.
13 Athens was occupied a second time in 479 BC, and the Persians were defeated at the Battles of Plataea and Mycale as they had been in c.490 BC at Marathon.
14 We hear from Socrates in the Dialogue Cratylus that the philosopher himself did believe that names had this inherent power. Amusingly, the nickname of Socrates’ disciple Plato came from his prowess on the wrestling field. He was Plato (platus), ‘broad’ or ‘brick-built’.
15 Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, 2.5.1.
16 The ancient tradition that Socrates carved the statues of the three graces on the Acropolis is attested in Pausanias, 1.22.3, but disputed by modern scholarship (cf. Kleine Pauly, ‘Sokrates’); the tradition is most likely a confusion with the sculptor Socrates of Thebes, a contemporary of Pindar and mentioned by Pausanias, 9.25.3. Marble masons today are found serving the First Cemetery in modern Dafnis, close to Alopeke.
17 These fifty men were referred to as being ‘in the prytany’.
18 Aristides, Or., 34.38. This quotation appears in Aelius Aristides’ speech, Against those who burlesque the mysteries. Trans. Elsner (2007), 30. Contemporary source material focuses mainly on the amount of gold used to cover the statue (because Pheidias stood accused of embezzlement).
19 Lapatin (2007), 132–3.
20 At the time of writing, the Oxford University Experimental Quantum Computation with Ion Traps project has just managed to photograph atoms. See www.physics.ox.ac.uk/al/people/lucas.htm. Many thanks to Dr David Lucas for his demonstration of this phenomenon.
21 See Diogenes Laertius, 9.54.
22 The Parian Marble records that this took place in 467 BC: Diels-Kranz, 59 A 11; cf. Pliny, Natural History, 2.149. Aegospotami will witness Athens’ final sea-defeat in the Peloponnesian War in 405 BC.
23 Plato, Crito, 50a.
24 Loose brotherhoods of loyalty, joined together by blood-relationships and cult practice.
25 Harris (1989).
26 ‘Violet-crowned’: especially of Athens: Pindar, Frag. 76; (cf. B.5.3); Aristophanes, Acharnians, 637; Knights, 1323. But also used of others earlier, e.g., Hom. Hym., 6.8; Solon, 19.4; Theognis, 250.
27 Plutarch, On Socrates’ Divine Sign, 20 (589e).
28 Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, 2.31. Trans. R. D. Hicks (1925) [adapt.].
29 Plato, Apology, 38a. Trans. G. M. A. Grube (1997).
CHAPTER TEN
Kerameikos – potters and beautiful boys
1 These new walls enclosed an area of nearly 1 square mile (1 1/3 square miles inc. Piraeus).
2 Cf. Thucydides, 1.89.3. The Persian commander Mardonius had destroyed virtually all of the original walls by the time of his final withdrawal. Cf. Herodotus, 9.13.2.
3 City walls were built quickly from 479 BC and the Long Walls project ran from the 460s through the 450s, completed c.445 BC.
4 Cf. Thucydides, 1.93.1–2. Themistocles also persuaded the Athenians to complete the building of the walls of the Piraeus (Thucydides, 1.93.3).
5 Zephaniah, 3.6. See also 1.7–18. Trans. New Living Translation.
6 Zephaniah, 1.2–6. Trans. New Living Translation.