The Hemlock Cup - Bettany Hughes [229]
23 Cratinus, Cheirons, Frag. 258 K-A and 259 K-A, in Henry (1995).
24 See Plato, Menexenus; Symposium; Aristophanes, Archarnians; Xenophon, Memorabilia, Oeconomicus.
25 Aristotle, Rhetoric, 1398b. Trans. H. C. Lawson-Tancred (1991).
26 Aspasia suffered particularly at the hands of early Christian scholars and copyists: as a pagan philosopher who was not only female, but overtly sexual, she was prime material for censorship. This goes a long way to explain why we know so much and yet so little about her. Interesting that the Christian neo-Platonist Synesius of Cyrene, a pupil of the female philosopher Hypatia, tried to redeem her reputation a little.
27 Theophrastus, Characters, 28.
28 Plutarch, Pericles, 24.3; Plato, Menexenus, 235e–6b.
29 Plato, Republic, 353b.
30 Plato, Menexenus, 236d–49c.
31 Xenophon, Memorabilia, II, 6.36.
32 Something we accept now, that having power, changing things, gives a rush, a high.
33 Xenophon, Oeconomicus, 3.15. Trans. E. C. Marchant (1992) [LCL].
34 Plato, Menexenus, 235–6. Of course Socrates himself took a dim view of rhetoric.
35 Interesting that both Cratinus and Eupolis apparently referred to Aspasia as a ‘Helen’: see Prospaltians, 267 K-A. Later in Socrates’ lifetime Euripides has Helen call herself a ‘bitch-whore’ – these were women whose political machinations tempted men to their beds and to untimely deaths.
36 Plato, Menexenus, 235e. Trans. B. Jowett (1953).
37 Plato, Menexenus, 236b.
38 Josiah Ober, ref. from Gale (2000), 367.
39 The Tektas shipwreck is now on display in the Bodrum Underwater Archaeology Museum, Bodrum.
40 Thucydides, 1.115.2.
41 Plutarch, Pericles, 24, and Duris, 28.2–3.
42 Herodotus, 6, 19.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
Samos
1 The Spartan Military Spirit (Tyrtaios, Frag. 9D.21–30 [Bergk]. Trans. R. Lattimore (1955).
2 The city walls are still visible. For most recent excavations see photothek@athen.dainst.org. Many thanks to Dr. Dimitris Grigoropoulos and the Institute at Samos, and Deutsches Archäologisches Institut for their help with this chapter.
3 Thucydides, 1.115–18.
4 Sophocles, Oedipus the King, 369–75. Trans. S. Berg and D. Clay (1978).
5 Plutarch, Pericles, 8.6. Trans. I. Scott-Kilvert (1960) [adapt.].
6 It was also in the late 440s that Pericles’ favourite composer, Damon, was exiled from the city. A number of ostraka bearing his name have been excavated; it could be that he was ostracised for interfering with traditional Athenian music – for creating something that was just too, suspiciously, new.
7 Diogenes Laertius, 2.23: ‘Ion of Chios relates that in his youth he visited Samos in the company of Archelaus; and Aristotle that he went to Delphi; he went also to the isthmus, according to Favorinus in the first book of his Memorabilia.’ Although our later, textual reference has Socrates in Samos as a philosopher, it is just as likely that he would have visited the place as a soldier. Trans. R. D. Hicks (1925).
8 See, e.g., Stele 385, Piraeus Museum, memorialising Chairedemos and Lykeas.
9 Estimate taken from p.22 of Waterfield (2009). The other figures he offers are: 1,200 rich enough to fund liturgies, 3,000 with large estates, a further 3,000 not quite as well off but liable for emergency taxation, 9,000 thetes.
10 Mark Anderson in his interesting 2005 paper ‘Socrates as Hoplite’ points out the number of places where Socrates, quite possibly, could have fought. These include: Therme, Pydna, Beroea, Strepsa, Spartolus, Mende, Scione, Torone, Gale, Singus, Mecyera, Thyssus, Cleonae, Acanthos, Olophyxus, Stageira, Bormiscus, Galepsos and Trailus. See Anderson (2005), passim.
11 See Graham (2008).
12 Aristophanes, Clouds, 225; 227–34.
13 Plato, Phaedo, 96a. Trans. H. Tredennick (1954).
14 Aristotle, Politics, 7.1333b38–1334a2. Trans. T.