The Hemlock Cup - Bettany Hughes [231]
7 Plutarch, Alcibiades, 7.2–3.
8 Plato, Protagoras, 309a.
9 Plato, Symposium, 219d.
10 Plato, Phaedrus, 229a.
11 Plutarch, Alcibiades, 1.3. Trans. I. Scott-Kilvert (1960). Nb Some sources say Alcibiades was only nineteen, but he would not have been allowed to fight beyond Attica until he was twenty.
12 Xenophon, Memorabilia, 1.2.24. Trans. E. C. Marchant (1992) [adapt.] [LCL].
13 Polyaenus, Strategemata, 1.40; cited by Kagan (1991), 196; citing Hatzfeld, Alcibiades, 164.
14 Plato, Alcibiades, I, 105a–c. (Nb Plato’s authorship of Alcibiades is much disputed.)
15 Pindar, Nemean Odes, 3.40. Trans. R. Lattimore (1959).
16 Xenophon, Memorabilia, 1.3.13. Trans. H. Tredennick and R. Waterfield (1990) [adapt.].
17 Plato, Symposium, 220e.
18 Subconsciously we imagine this apparent humility as the selfless act of an immaterial man – maybe Socrates was riled by the blatant inequality. Perhaps this choice to honour not the virtuous but the great sparked his promotional campaign – you only live a good life if you are good on the inside.
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
Demons and virtues
1 Trans. W. R. M. Lamb [LCL].
2 Plato, Symposium, 219e–20d.
3 Plato, Symposium, 219e–20e. The man from Alopeke’s much-discussed daimonion is perplexing. Is it perhaps the development of a personal conscience? Does religion, for Socrates, represent a route through to individual morality, rather than morality itself? Is there a more pedestrian argument? It could be that Socrates’ catalepsy (protruding eyes are a textbook sign of the condition) generated in him this otherworldly eccentricity. Whatever the cause, his odd behaviour was registered.
4 Plato, Crito, 54d. Trans. H. N. Fowler (1914) [LCL].
5 Thucydides, 2.70.1.
6 Xenophon certainly played around with these ideas, see, e.g., Memorabilia, 1.
7 See Ch. 13, for discussions of Socrates’ keen interest in the Spartan way of life.
8 The Constitution of the Lacedaemonians, 8.2.
9 Plato, Protagoras, 360e and following.
10 Plato, Protagoras, 353a and following.
11 Plato, Apology, 21e.
12 Plato, Apology, 30a–b. Trans. H. N. Fowler (1914) [LCL].
13 Euripides, Phoenician Women, 240–55. Trans. A. Wilson.
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
The plague
1 I am still struck by how, even at the beginning of the twenty-first century, in the smaller Greek villages it is men who go to buy food, not women.
2 The teeth of three corpses from the mass grave (discovered during excavations in 1994 for the extension of the metro) were analysed by the Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical School of Athens University and the Laboratory of Micro-chemistry, Institute of Technology-Research of Crete in 2005. The bacterium discovered to be present in all samples was Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Symptoms of infection include: headache, high fever, anorexia, intestinal bleeding, intestinal perforation, septicaemia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.
3 Thucydides, 2.51.4–5. Trans. R. Warner (1972).
4 Thucydides, 2.50.1. Trans. R. Warner.
5 Thucydides, 2.52.2–3. Trans. R. Warner [adapt.].
6 Thucydides, 2.53.1–2.
7 Socrates operated in a landscape that was distinctly heroic. The words of Homer were at every street corner, images of tales of Troy and of Odysseus’ travels were inescapable: on vases, in stone, on colonnades and temples.
8 ‘Myrtis’’ skull was presented at the 71st International Thessaloniki Fair in 2006.
9 See www.archaeology.org/online/features/athens/1.html.
10 Hanson (1998), 9–13.
11 Aristophanes, Acharnians, 498–512.
12 See Pollard, (1977).
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
Silver Owls and a wise owl
1 Trans. B. B. Rogers (1930) [adapt.] [LCL].
2 A very useful reference book for this kind of social detail is Camp (1986).
3 Prehistory seeped from the earth and sang in the air of classical Athens. It is still there in concrete terms: in the Aladdin’s Cave storeroom of the Agora Museum where a Late Bronze Age skull peeps from a wooden drawer; newly discovered ritual objects, the latest a female deity relaxing in a