The Hemlock Cup - Bettany Hughes [241]
4 Thucydides, 7.27.
5 Xenophon, Hellenica, 3.3.6. Trans. C. L. Brownson [LCL].
CHAPTER FORTY-SIX
Time of terror
1 Plutarch, Alcibiades 34.6.
2 Plutarch, Alcibiades, 23; Lysander, 22; Agesilaus, 3; Xenophon, Hellenica, 3.3.1–2.
3 Plutarch, Alcibiades, 24.4. Trans. I. Scott-Kilvert (1960).
4 See Samons (2000), 281–93.
5 A title resurrected by the Greek dictator Metaxas in the 1930s.
6 Thucydides, 8.66.
7 Thucydides, 8.97.
8 Compare with Mark Antony, a Roman exiled from Rome, but a man with the loyalty of the Roman navy.
9 ML 58 = Fornara 119 and Xenophon, Hellenica, 1.1.22.
10 Aristophanes, Frogs, 735–7. Trans. D. Barrett (1964).
11 Aristophanes, Frogs, 695–702. Trans. G. Murray (1908).
12 See Finley (1971), 11–12 for inscription reference.
13 Aristophanes, Frogs, 1425. Trans. J. Savage (2010).
14 Plutarch, Alcibiades, 34.6.
15 And, curiously, the embattled Athens that Socrates refused to leave was defiantly productive. Aristophanes wrote his Lysistrata and the Women at the Thesmophoria. Sophocles – the playwright, one of those caught up, reluctantly, in the coup of 411 – was eighty by now, but still he produced the finest of works. His almost unbearably angry play Philoctetes deals with the issue of deception – one feels this has to be a comment on the world around him. Cf. Heraclitus’ comments on the value of strife.
16 Plato, Phaedrus, 259a-b. Trans. H. Fowler (1914) [LCL].
17 Plato, Lysis, 204a.
18 Plato, Lysis, 205e–6a. Trans. W. R. M. Lamb (1925) [LCL].
19 Plato, Lysis, 203a–b.
20 See City Beneath the City, p. 249.
21 Plato, Lysis, 221d. Trans. B. Jowett (1953) [adapt.].
22 Exhibit 3280–1, found at Moschato.
23 Plato, Apology, 23c–e. Trans. Brickhouse and Smith (2002).
CHAPTER FORTY-SEVEN
Arginusae – standing out in the crowd
1 Trans. Brickhouse and Smith (2002).
2 Plato, Apology, 32b; Gorgias, 473e; Xenophon, Hellenica, 1.7.16; Memorabilia, 1.1.18, 4.4.2.
3 Plato, Apology, 32b; Xenophon, Hellenica, 1.7.15. Nb The case first went through the Council, Socrates presided over the second day of the Assembly meeting.
4 See Hansen (1999), 248.
5 Xenophon, Oeconomicus, 2.2–4, details Socrates’ meagre financial situation.
6 Thompson and Wycherley (1972), 44.
7 Voting was originally calibrated by the deposit of an olive leaf by each councillor, but in Socrates’ day voting could also be by show of hands. For details of how the Boule functioned, see Rhodes (1972).
8 Xenophon, Hellenica, 1.7.16–33.
9 Xenophon, Hellenica, 1.7.11 (also 12–13). Trans. C. L. Brownson (1918).
10 Could this perhaps be the coalesced passion of a group, trying to find someone to blame for the tragedy of mortality that Arginusae represents?
11 For further illumination see Brunt (1993); Figuiera (1991).
12 Diodorus of Athens, see Jacoby, FGrH 372 (Diod. Periegetes Frags. 34, 35, 40).
13 Xenophon, Hellenica, 1.7.16–33.
14 Plato, Apology, 18a. Trans. Brickhouse and Smith (2002).
CHAPTER FORTY-EIGHT
Tall poppies, cut corn
1 Trans. J. Barnes (1996). Herodotus tells the same story at 5.92.
2 A democracy still craves heroes. Homeric paragons were still the touchstone of all Athenians, and ‘the people’ still wanted visionaries – leaders who seemed somehow ‘better’, to gleam. But whereas it is tempting to fantasise about the great achievements of literary heroes being, really, our own, with mortal success comes envy. The introduction of ostracism is a tangible reminder of this.
3 Sophocles, Oedipus Rex, 380–2; 1524–30.
4 Euripides, Hecuba, 154–60. Trans. E. P. Coleridge (1938).
5 Plato, Apology, 28a–b. Trans. B. Jowett (1953).
6 Euripides, Phoenician Women, 243.
7 Demosthenes, 57.45 and 57.31. Although this statement was made in the 340s BC, reference was made back to the period when wet-nurses were usually slave-women, ribbon-sellers usually metic women.
8 Trans. J. D. Sosin. See also Sosin (2008), 105–8.
9 Aristophanes, Frogs, 1497.
10 Robin Waterfield’s phrase, in Waterfield (2009), 112. As already mentioned,