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Works Cited in the Introduction

Hugo, Victor. Oeuvres complètes. 18 vols. Edited by Jean Massin. Paris: Le Club français du livre, 1967-1970.

a

Greek word that signifies “fate.”

b

The king’s eldest son; used as a title from 1349 to 1830.

c

Reference to Henri Sauval, a seventeenth-century historian whose study Histoire et recherches des antiquités de la ville de Paris (Antiquities of Paris) Hugo draws upon frequently in the novel for descriptions of the period depicted.

d

Reference to Théophile de Viau (1590-1626), poet who was imprisoned with Ravaillac.

e

Horned and hairy (Latin).

f

Thibaut the gamester (Latin).

g

Thibaut of the dice (Latin).

h

Here are the Saturnalian nuts that we send thee (Latin).

i

Lined with gray fur (Latin).

j

Four farthings—or a fart (Latin).

k

Behind the rider sits black worry (Latin; from Roman lyric poet Horace [65-8 B.C.], Odes, book 3, ode 1).

l

Never let a god intervene (Latin; from Horace, Ars Poetica, c. 13 B.C.).

m

Hail Jupiter! Citizens, applaud! (Latin).

n

The populace’s shout of joy in the Middle Ages.

o

Cordial made from wine and flavored with spices.

p

A play on words; “dolphin,” the ocean-dwelling, whale-like mammal, and “dauphin,” a French king’s eldest son, are spelled identically in French as dauphin.

q

Let us drink like popes (Latin).

r

Company of clerks of the Parliament of Paris.

s

Cassock full of wine! (Latin).

t

In the original French, gant, meaning glove, is used as a play on words with the name of the Belgian city of Ghent.

u

Pearls before swine (Latin).

v

Swine before a pearl (Latin); a pun on the name Margaret, which means “pearl.”

w

A kiss brings pain (Spanish).

x

Nun of the Order of the “Sack,” a name derived from the sack-like garment members of this group wore.

y

A chest richly decorated / They found in a well, / And in it new banners / With figures most terrifying (Spanish).

z

Arab horsemen they are / Looking like statues, / With swords, and over their shoulders / Crossbows that shoot well (Spanish).

aa

Men who feigned insanity.

ab

The Realm of Gamblers.

ac

Reference to “The Hare and the Frogs,” a fable by Jean de la Fontaine (1621-1695).

ad

Every way, highway, and byway (Latin).

ae

Hail, star of the sea! (Latin).

af

Charity, kind sir! Charity! (Italian).

ag

Kind sir, something with which to buy a piece of bread! (Spanish).

ah

Charity! (Latin).

ai

Where do you go, man? (Spanish).

aj

Take off your hat, man! (Spanish).

ak

Slang for King of the Beggars.

al

King of the Gypsies.

am

Leader of the Gamblers.

an

Slang term signifying “Men of Slang.”

ao

All things are included in philosophy, all men in the philosopher (Latin).

ap

Show one’s skill at picking pockets.

aq

When the bright-hued birds are quiet, / And the earth-(Spanish).

ar

Reference to the giant who is the hero of a 1752 story of the same name by Voltaire (pen name of François Marie Arouet, 1694-1778).

as

Author’s note: [from Histoire Gallicane] (Gallican History), book ii, period ii, fo. 130, p. 1, by Robert Cenalis.

at

Author’s note: This is also known, according to situation, race, or style, as Lombard, Saxon, or Byzantine; four sister and parallel architectures, each having its own peculiar characteristics, but all springing from the same principle: the circular arch. “Facies non omnibus una / non diversa tamen, qualem,” etc. [“Appearance not the same for all, not different however, such”; Latin, from Ovid’s Metamorphoses, book 2, lines 13-14].

au

Author’s note: This part of the spire, which was not made of timber, was destroyed by lightning in 1823.

av

“The dam damning Paris set Paris free” (French).

aw

Stomping ground of Parisian students, the present Faubourg Saint-Germain.

ax

Fidelity to kings, though broken at times by revolts, has procured many privileges for citizens (Latin).

ay

Place of execution and/or burial of the executed that will figure prominently in the outcome of the novel.

az

Reference to Pierre Mignard (1610-1695),