The Information - James Gleick [217]
♦ “THE VARIOUS PARTS OF THE MACHINERY”: Dionysius Lardner, “Babbage’s Calculating Engines,” Edinburgh Review 59, no. 120 (1834): 315–17.
♦ “NAME OF EVERYTHING WHICH IS BOTH X AND Y”: De Morgan to Boole, 28 November 1847, in G. C. Smith, ed., The Boole–De Morgan Correspondence 1842–1864 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), 25.
♦ “NOW SOME ZS ARE NOT XS”: De Morgan to Boole, draft, not sent, ibid., 27.
♦ “IT IS SIMPLY A FACT”: quoted by Samuel Neil, “The Late George Boole, LL.D., D.C.L.” (1865), in James Gasser, ed., A Boole Anthology: Recent and Classical Studies in the Logic of George Boole (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 2000), 16.
♦ “THE RESPECTIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE SYMBOLS 0 AND 1”: George Boole, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, on Which Are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities (London: Walton & Maberly, 1854), 34.
♦ “THAT LANGUAGE IS AN INSTRUMENT OF HUMAN REASON”: Ibid., 24–25.
♦ “UNCLEAN BEASTS ARE ALL”: Ibid., 69.
♦ “A WORD IS A TOOL FOR THINKING”: “The Telegraph,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 359.
♦ “BABIES ARE ILLOGICAL”: Lewis Carroll, Symbolic Logic: Part I, Elementary (London: Macmillan, 1896), 112 and 131. And cf. Steve Martin, Born Standing Up: A Comic’s Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 74.
♦ “PURE MATHEMATICS WAS DISCOVERED BY BOOLE”: Bertrand Russell, Mysticism and Logic (1918; reprinted Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 2004), 57.
6. NEW WIRES, NEW LOGIC
♦ “THE PERFECT SYMMETRY OF THE WHOLE APPARATUS”: James Clerk Maxwell, “The Telephone,” Rede Lecture, Cambridge 1878, “illustrated with the aid of Mr. Gower’s telephonic harp,” in W. D. Niven, ed., The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1890; repr. New York: Dover, 1965), 750.
♦ GAYLORD AMOUNTED TO LITTLE MORE: “Small enough that if you walked a couple of blocks, you’d be in the countryside.” Shannon interview with Anthony Liversidge, Omni (August 1987), in Claude Elwood Shannon, Collected Papers, ed. N. J. A. Sloane and Aaron D. Wyner (New York: IEEE Press, 1993), xx.
♦ “THERE CAN BE NO DOUBT”: “In the World of Electricity,” The New York Times, 14 July 1895, 28.
♦ THE MONTANA EAST LINE TELEPHONE ASSOCIATION: David B. Sicilia, “How the West Was Wired,” Inc., 15 June 1997.
♦ “THE GOLD-BUG”: 1843; Complete Stories and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe (New York: Doubleday, 1966), 71.
♦ “CIRCUMSTANCES, AND A CERTAIN BIAS OF MIND”: Ibid., 90.
♦ “ ‘THINKING MACHINE’ DOES HIGHER MATHEMATICS”: The New York Times, 21 October 1927.
♦ “A MATHEMATICIAN IS NOT A MAN”: Vannevar Bush, “As We May Think,” The Atlantic (July 1945).
♦ UTTERLY CAPTIVATED BY THIS “COMPUTER”: Shannon to Rudolf E. Kalman, 12 June 1987, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
♦ “AUTOMATICALLY ADD TWO NUMBERS”: Claude Shannon, “A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits,” Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 57 (1938): 38–50.
♦ HIS “QUEER ALGEBRA”: Vannevar Bush to Barbara Burks, 5 January 1938, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
♦ “AN ALGEBRA FOR THEORETICAL GENETICS”: Claude Shannon, Collected Papers, 892.
♦ EVALUATION FORTY YEARS LATER: Ibid., 921.
♦ “OFF AND ON I HAVE BEEN WORKING ON AN ANALYSIS”: Claude Shannon to Vannevar Bush, 16 February 1939, in Claude Shannon, Collected Papers, 455.
♦ “A CERTAIN SCRIPT OF LANGUAGE”: Leibniz to Jean Galloys, December 1678, in Martin Davis, The Universal Computer: The Road from Leibniz to Turing (New York: Norton, 2000), 16.
♦ “HIGHLY ABSTRACT PROCESSES AND IDEAS”: Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, Principia Mathematica, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910), 2.
♦ “EPIMENIDES THE CRETAN SAID”: Bertrand Russell, “Mathematical Logic Based on the Theory of Types,” American Journal of Mathematics 30, no. 3 (July 1908): 222.
♦ “IT WAS IN THE AIR”: Douglas R. Hofstadter, I Am a Strange Loop (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 109.
♦ “HENCE THE NAMES OF SOME INTEGERS”: Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, Principia Mathematica, vol. 1, 61.
♦ DOES