The Information - James Gleick [219]
♦ “THEY ARE STEADIER, DO NOT DRINK BEER”: Proceedings of the National Telephone Exchange Association, 1881, in Frederick Leland Rhodes, Beginnings of Telephony (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1929), 154.
♦ “THE ACTION OF STRETCHING HER ARMS”: Quoted in Peter Young, Person to Person: The International Impact of the Telephone (Cambridge: Granta, 1991), 65.
♦ “THE TELEPHONE REMAINS THE ACME”: Herbert N. Casson, The History of the Telephone (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1910), 296.
♦ “ANY TWO OF THAT LARGE NUMBER”: John Vaughn, “The Thirtieth Anniversary of a Great Invention,” Scribner’s 40 (1906): 371.
♦ A MONSTER OF 2 MILLION SOLDERED PARTS: G. E. Schindler, Jr., ed., A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: Switching Technology 1925–1975 (Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1982).
♦ “FOR THE MATHEMATICIAN, AN ARGUMENT”: T. C. Fry, “Industrial Mathematics,” Bell System Technical Journal 20 (July 1941): 255.
♦ “THERE WAS SPUTTERING AND BUBBLING”: Bell Canada Archives, quoted in Michèle Martin, “Hello, Central?” 23.
♦ “SPEED OF TRANSMISSION OF INTELLIGENCE”: H. Nyquist, “Certain Factors Affecting Telegraph Speed,” Bell System Technical Journal 3 (April 1924): 332.
♦ “INFORMATION IS A VERY ELASTIC TERM”: R. V. L. Hartley, “Transmission of Information,” Bell System Technical Journal 7 (July 1928): 536.
♦ “FOR EXAMPLE, IN THE SENTENCE, ‘APPLES ARE RED’ ”: Ibid.
♦ “BY THE SPEED OF TRANSMISSION OF INTELLIGENCE IS MEANT”: H. Nyquist, “Certain Factors Affecting Telegraph Speed,” 333.
♦ “THE CAPACITY OF A SYSTEM TO TRANSMIT”: R. V. L. Hartley, “Transmission of Information,” 537.
7. INFORMATION THEORY
♦ “PERHAPS COMING UP WITH A THEORY”: Jon Barwise, “Information and Circumstance,” Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 27, no. 3 (1986): 324.
♦ SAID NOTHING TO EACH OTHER ABOUT THEIR WORK: Shannon interview with Robert Price: “A Conversation with Claude Shannon: One Man’s Approach to Problem Solving,” IEEE Communications Magazine 22 (1984): 125; cf. Alan Turing to Claude Shannon, 3 June 1953, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
♦ “NO, I’M NOT INTERESTED IN DEVELOPING A POWERFUL BRAIN”: Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma (London: Vintage, 1992), 251.
♦ “A CONFIRMED SOLITARY”: Max H. A. Newman to Alonzo Church, 31 May 1936, quoted in Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing, 113.
♦ “THE JUSTIFICATION … LIES IN THE FACT”: Alan M. Turing, “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem,” Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 42 (1936): 230–65.
♦ “IT WAS ONLY BY TURING’S WORK”: Kurt Gödel to Ernest Nagel, 1957, in Kurt Gödel: Collected Works, vol. 5, ed. Solomon Feferman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 147.
♦ “YOU SEE … THE FUNNY LITTLE ROUNDS”: letter from Alan Turing to his mother and father, summer 1923, AMT/K/1/3, Turing Digital Archive, http://www.turingarchive.org.
♦ “IN ELEMENTARY ARITHMETIC THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL CHARACTER”: Alan M. Turing, “On Computable Numbers,” 230–65.
♦ “THE THING HINGES ON GETTING THIS HALTING INSPECTOR”: “On the Seeming Paradox of Mechanizing Creativity,” in Douglas R. Hofstadter, Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern (New York: Basic Books, 1985), 535.
♦ “IT USED TO BE SUPPOSED IN SCIENCE”: “The Nature of Spirit,” unpublished essay, 1932, in Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing, 63.
♦ “ONE CAN PICTURE AN INDUSTRIOUS AND DILIGENT CLERK”: Herbert B. Enderton, “Elements of Recursion Theory,” in Jon Barwise, Handbook of Mathematical Logic (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1977), 529.
♦ “A LOT OF PARTICULAR AND INTERESTING CODES”: Alan Turing to Sara Turing, 14 October 1936, quoted in Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing, 120.
♦ “THE ENEMY KNOWS THE SYSTEM BEING USED”: “Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems” (1948), in Claude Elwood Shannon, Collected Papers, ed. N. J. A. Sloane and Aaron D. Wyner (New York: IEEE Press, 1993), 90.
♦ “FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE CRYPTANALYST”: Ibid., 113.
♦ “THE MERE SOUNDS OF SPEECH”: Edward Sapir, Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (New York: Harcourt, Brace,