The Information - James Gleick [222]
♦ “WHEN THE MACHINE WAS TURNED OFF”: Heinz von Foerster, ed., Transactions of the Eighth Conference, 173.
♦ “IT BUILDS UP A COMPLETE PATTERN OF INFORMATION”: “Computers and Automata,” in Claude Shannon, Collected Papers, 706.
♦ “WHEN IT ARRIVES AT A, IT REMEMBERS”: Heinz von Foerster, ed. Transactions of the Eighth Conference, 175.
♦ “LIKE A MAN WHO KNOWS THE TOWN”: Ibid., 180.
♦ “IN REALITY IT IS THE MAZE WHICH REMEMBERS”: Quoted in Roberto Cordeschi, The Discovery of the Artificial: Behavior, Mind, and Machines Before and Beyond Cybernetics (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2002), 163.
♦ FOUND RESEARCHERS TO BE “WELL-INFORMED”: Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics, 23.
♦ “ABOUT FIFTEEN PEOPLE WHO HAD WIENER’S IDEAS”: John Bates to Grey Walter, quoted in Owen Holland, “The First Biologically Inspired Robots,” Robotica 21 (2003): 354.
♦ HALF PRONOUNCED IT RAY-SHE-OH: Philip Husbands and Owen Holland, “The Ratio Club: A Hub of British Cybernetics,” in The Mechanical Mind in History (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2008), 103.
♦ “A BRAIN CONSISTING OF RANDOMLY CONNECTED IMPRESSIONAL SYNAPSES”: Ibid., 110.
♦ “THINK OF THE BRAIN AS A TELEGRAPHIC RELAY”: “Brain and Behavior,” Comparative Psychology Monograph, Series 103 (1950), in Warren S. McCulloch, Embodiments of Mind (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1965), 307.
♦ “I PROPOSE TO CONSIDER THE QUESTION”: Alan M. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Minds and Machines 59, no. 236 (1950): 433–60.
♦ “THE PRESENT INTEREST IN ‘THINKING MACHINES’ ”: Ibid., 436.
♦ “SINCE BABBAGE’S MACHINE WAS NOT ELECTRICAL”: Ibid., 439.
♦ “IN THE CASE THAT THE FORMULA IS NEITHER PROVABLE NOR DISPROVABLE”: Alan M. Turing, “Intelligent Machinery, A Heretical Theory,” unpublished lecture, c. 1951, in Stuart M. Shieber, ed., The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), 105.
♦ THE ORIGINAL QUESTION, “CAN MACHINES THINK?”: Alan M. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” 442.
♦ “THE IDEA OF A MACHINE THINKING”: Claude Shannon to C. Jones, 16 June 1952, Manuscript Div., Library of Congress, by permission of Mary E. Shannon.
♦ “PSYCHOLOGIE IS A DOCTRINE WHICH SEARCHES OUT”: Translated in William Harvey, Anatomical Exercises Concerning the Motion of the Heart and Blood (London, 1653), quoted in “psychology, n,” draft revision Dec. 2009, OED Online, Oxford University Press, http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50191636.
♦ “THE SCIENCE OF MIND, IF IT CAN BE CALLED A SCIENCE”: North British Review 22 (November 1854), 181.
♦ “A LOATHSOME, DISTENDED, TUMEFIED, BLOATED, DROPSICAL MASS”: William James to Henry Holt, 9 May 1890, quoted in Robert D. Richardson, William James: In the Maelstrom of American Modernism (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2006), 298.
♦ “YOU TALK ABOUT MEMORY”: George Miller, dialogue with Jonathan Miller, in Jonathan Miller, States of Mind (New York: Pantheon, 1983), 22.
♦ “NEW CONCEPTS OF THE NATURE AND MEASURE”: Homer Jacobson, “The Informational Capacity of the Human Ear,” Science 112 (4 August 1950): 143–44; “The Informational Capacity of the Human Eye,” Science 113 (16 March 1951): 292–93.
♦ A GROUP IN 1951 TESTED THE LIKELIHOOD: G. A. Miller, G. A. Heise, and W. Lichten, “The Intelligibility of Speech as a Function of the Context of the Test Materials,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 41 (1951): 329–35.
♦ “THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A DESCRIPTION”: Donald E. Broadbent, Perception and Communication (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1958), 31.
♦ “THE MAGICAL NUMBER SEVEN”: Psychological Review 63 (1956): 81–97.
♦ “THOSE WHO TAKE THE INFORMATIONAL TURN”: Frederick Adams, “The Informational Turn in Philosophy,” Minds and Machines 13 (2003): 495.
♦ THE MIND CAME IN ON THE BACK: Jonathan Miller, States of Mind, 26.
♦ “I THINK THAT THIS PRESENT CENTURY”: Claude Shannon, “The Transfer of Information,” talk presented at the 75th anniversary of the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Reprinted by permission