The Information - James Gleick [228]
♦ “WHEN THE READING HEAD MOVES”: “A Universal Turing Machine with Two Internal States,” in Claude Elwood Shannon, Collected Papers, ed. N. J. A. Sloane and Aaron D. Wyner (New York: IEEE Press, 1993), 733–41.
♦ “HE SUMMARIZES HIS OBSERVATIONS”: Gregory J. Chaitin, “On the Length of Programs for Computing Finite Binary Sequences,” Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery 13 (1966): 567.
♦ “WE ARE TO ADMIT NO MORE CAUSES”: Isaac Newton, “Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy; Rule I,” Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
♦ IN THE WANING YEARS OF TSARIST RUSSIA: Obituary, Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 22 (1990): 31; A. N. Shiryaev, “Kolmogorov: Life and Creative Activities,” Annals of Probability 17, no. 3 (1989): 867.
♦ UNLIKELY TO ATTRACT INTERPRETATION: David A. Mindell et al., “Cybernetics and Information Theory in the United States, France, and the Soviet Union,” in Science and Ideology: A Comparative History, ed. Mark Walker (London: Routledge, 2003), 66 and 81.
♦ HE SOON LEARNED TO HIS SORROW: Cf. “Amount of Information and Entropy for Continuous Distributions,” note 1, in Selected Works of A. N. Kolmogorov, vol. 3, Information Theory and the Theory of Algorithms, trans. A. B. Sossinksky (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993), 33.
♦ “MORE TECHNOLOGY THAN MATHEMATICS”: A. N. Kolmogorov and A. N.Shiryaev, Kolmogorov in Perspective, trans. Harold H. McFaden, History of Mathematics vol. 20 (n.p.: American Mathematical Society, London Mathematical Society, 2000), 54.
♦ “WHEN I READ THE WORKS OF ACADEMICIAN KOLMOGOROV”: Quoted in Slava Gerovitch, From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002), 58.
♦ “CYBERNETICS IN WIENER’S UNDERSTANDING”: “Intervention at the Session,” in Selected Works of A. N. Kolmogorov, 31.
♦ “AT EACH GIVEN MOMENT”: Kolmogorov diary entry, 14 September 1943, in A. N. Kolmogorov and A. N. Shiryaev, Kolmogorov in Perspective, 50.
♦ “IS IT POSSIBLE TO INCLUDE THIS NOVEL”: “Three Approaches to the Definition of the Concept ‘Quantity of Information,’ ” in Selected Works of A. N. Kolmogorov, 188.
♦ “OUR DEFINITION OF THE QUANTITY”: A. N. Kolmogorov, “Combinatorial Foundations of Information Theory and the Calculus of Probabilities,” Russian Mathematical Surveys 38, no. 4 (1983): 29–43.
♦ “THE INTUITIVE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ‘SIMPLE’ AND ‘COMPLICATED’ ”: “Three Approaches to the Definition of the Concept ‘Quantity of Information,’ ” Selected Works of A. N. Kolmogorov, 221.
♦ “A NEW CONCEPTION OF THE NOTION ‘RANDOM’”: “On the Logical Foundations of Information Theory and Probability Theory,” Problems of Information Transmission 5, no. 3 (1969): 1–4.
♦ HE DREAMED OF SPENDING HIS LAST YEARS: V. I. Arnold, “On A. N. Kolmogorov,” in A. N. Kolmogorov and A. N. Shiryaev, Kolmogorov in Perspective, 94.
♦ “THE PARADOX ORIGINALLY TALKS ABOUT ENGLISH”: Gregory J. Chaitin, Thinking About Gödel and Turing: Essays on Complexity, 1970–2007 (Singapore: World Scientific, 2007), 176.
♦ “IT DOESN’T MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE WHICH PARADOX”: Gregory J. Chaitin, “The Berry Paradox,” Complexity 1, no. 1 (1995): 26; “Paradoxes of Randomness,” Complexity 7, no. 5 (2002): 14–21.
♦ “ABSOLUTE CERTAINTY IS LIKE GOD”: Interview, Gregory J. Chaitin, 14 September 2009.
♦ “GOD NOT ONLY PLAYS DICE”: Foreword to Cristian S. Calude, Information and Randomness: An Algorithmic Perspective (Berlin: Springer, 2002), viii.
♦ “CHARMINGLY CAPTURED THE ESSENCE”: Joseph Ford, “Directions in Classical Chaos,” in Directions in Chaos, ed. Hao Bai-lin (Singapore: World Scientific, 1987), 14.
♦ THE INFORMATION PACKING PROBLEM: Ray J. Solomonoff, “The Discovery of Algorithmic Probability,” Journal of Computer and System Sciences 55, no. 1 (1997): 73–88.
♦ “THREE MODELS FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF LANGUAGE”: Noam Chomsky, “Three Models for the Description of Language,” IRE Transactions on Information Theory 2, no. 3 (1956): 113–24.
♦ “THE LAWS OF SCIENCE THAT HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED”: Ray J. Solomonoff, “A Formal Theory of Inductive Inference,” Information