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sworn to Privy Council (1760); awarded Order of the Garter (1762); first lord of the Treasury (1762); negotiated peace with France at Fontainebleau (1762); resigned from office after heavy opposition to peace (1763); established chair of rhetoric and belles-lettres at Edinburgh University; patron to S.J., Smollett, Thomas Sheridan, the painter Allan Ramsay and architect Robert Adam; movement towards alliance rather than intervention made him a political scapegoat: 189–200, 202, 205, 274, 450, 451 andn. a, 452, 516, 561, 748, 828, 834, 836, 857

Bute, John Stuart, 4th Earl and 1st Marquis of, see Mountstuart, John Stuart, Viscount

Butler, Charles (1750–1832), Catholic author: 627

Butler, Dr Joseph (1692–1752), moral philosopher and theologian; bishop of Durham; author of The Analogy of Religion (1736): 617 n. a

Butler, Samuel (1613–80), poet ofHudibras (1663-4, parts 1 and 2; 1678, part 3); attacked the Royal Society in ‘The Elephant in the Moon’; name became a byword for neglected genius: 387, 459, 538, 819, 927

Butter, Dr William (1726–1805), physician; known through the treatises On the Kink-Cough (1773) and On Puerperal Fevers (1775); studied medicine at Edinburgh University: 518, 606, 610, 824, 988, 989 n. a

Butter, Mrs, wife of the preceding: 611

Byng, Admiral John (1704–57), RN, court-martialled naval officer; captain of the Gibraltar (1727); promoted to rear admiral (1745); promoted to admiral of the red (1756); court-martialled and executed by firing squad for part in the disastrous lossofMinorca (1757)despite popular Protest from such figures as Voltaire and Horace Walpole: 14, 167, 169, 327

Byng, Hon. John (d. 1811): 999

Cadell, Thomas (1742–1802), bookseller and publisher: 192–3, 491, 580, 704

Cadogan, William Cadogan, 1st Earl, 1675–1726, General: 8

Caesar, Gaius Julius, see Julius Caesar, Gaius

Caldwell, Sir James (c.1732–84), and Sir John (1750–1830), of Castle Caldwell, Fermanagh: 282 n. a

Caligula, Gaius Caesar (AD 12–41), emperor of Rome: 676

Callender, James Thomson (d. 1803), miscellaneous writer: 847

Callimachus (b. c. 310 BC), poet, bibliographer and librarian; adversary of Apollonius Rhodius: 764

Cambridge, Richard Owen (1717–1802), poet and essayist; author ofThe Scribler-iad(1751); Contributed to Edward More’sThe Worldperiodical(1753–6); commissioned a satirical engraving of J.B. and S.J. published in his Works (1803): 455, 659–60, 871

Camden, Charles Pratt, 1st Earl (1714–94), lawyer and politician; appointed a king’s counsel (1755); led famous prosecution of Lord Ferrers (1760); Lord Chancellor (1766); Reputation as a champion of liberty; opposed the Fox–North ministry; close alliance with Pitt the elder: 431, 382, 691

Camden, William (1551–1623), antiquary: 688, 880

Cameron, the clan: 85

Cameron, Dr Archibald (1707–53), physician and Jacobite conspirator; took active part in concealing Prince Charles (1746); became involved in scheme for restoration of the Stuarts (1752); hanged, drawn and quartered after brief imprisonment in Edinburgh Castle (June 1753): 85–6, 85 n. a

Cameron, Donald, of Lochiel (1695?–1748), Jacobite: 85

Campbell, Archibald (1726?–80), son of Dr Archibald Campbell, satirist; purser in the navy (1761);authorofThe Sale of AuthorsandLexiphanes(1767), alengthy satirical attack on S.J. for pedantic language and dictionary-making: 286

Campbell, Colonel James Mure, afterwards 5th Earl of Loudoun (1726–86): 585

Campbell, Dr Archibald (1691–1756), professor of church history at St Andrews: 192

Campbell, DrJohn (1708–75), historian; significant contributorto the first edition of theBiographica Britannica; author ofThe Present State of Europe(1750) and Political Survey of Britain (2 vols., 1774); greatly admired by S.J.: 221 and n. a, 222, 289, 375, 430, 503, 655 and n. a

Campbell, Dr Thomas (1733–95), ‘Irish Dr Campbell’, miscellaneous writer, Church of Ireland clergyman and traveller; chancellor of St Macartin’s, Clogher (1773); best known through portrait by J.B. in 1775 diary; author of A Index of Persons Philosophical Survey of the South of Ireland(1778):