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sufficient conditions. The statement “A person needs water to remain healthy” does not mean that water alone is enough to keep a person healthy. Water is a necessary but not sufficient condition for someone to remain healthy.

Problem 35: Global Warming

Jacques: If we want to stop global warming, we must pass legislation to reduce fossil fuel emissions.

Pierre: That’s not true. It will take a lot more than passing legislation aimed at reducing fossil fuel emissions to stop global warming.

Pierre’s response is inadequate because he mistakenly believes that what Jacques has said is that

A) Passing legislation to reduce fossil fuel emissions is necessary to reduce global warming.

B) Only the passing of legislation to reduce fossil fuel emissions is capable of stopping global warming.

C) If global warming is to be stopped, legislation to reduce fossil fuel emissions must be passed.

D) Passing legislation to reduce fossil fuel emissions is enough to stop global warming.

E) Global warming will not be stopped merely by passing legislation to reduce fossil fuel emissions.

See solution

Tip #47: The statement “If A, then B” does not equal “Only As are Bs.” For example, the statement “If one wants to make a good salad, one should use tomatoes” should not be interpreted to mean that only tomatoes are necessary to make a good salad.

Problem 36: Sales

Debra: To be a good salesperson, one must be friendly.

Tom: That’s not so. It takes much more than friendliness to make a good salesperson.

Tom has understood Debra’s statement to mean that

A) Being friendly is the most important characteristic of being a good salesperson.

B) If a person is a good salesperson, he or she will be friendly.

C) A salesperson only needs to be friendly in order to be a good salesperson.

D) Most good salespersons are friendly people even though not all friendly people are good salespersons.

E) If a person isn’t friendly, he or she will not make a good salesperson.

See solution

Tip #48: The statement “Every A is a B” does not equal “Only As are Bs.” For example, the statement “Every cat is a mammal” should not be interpreted to mean that “only cats are mammals.”

Problem 37: Football

Marie: Every person on the Brazilian World Cup football team is a great player.

Beth: What? The Italian World Cup football team has some of the best players in the world.

Beth’s reply suggests that she has misunderstood Marie’s remark to mean that

A) Only Brazilian World Cup team players are great players.

B) Marie believes that the Brazilian World Cup football team is the best overall football team.

C) The Italian World Cup football team consists of less-than-great players.

D) The Brazilian World Cup football team is likely to defeat the Italian World Cup football team should they meet in match play.

E) Individual Brazilian World Cup team players will play as well as a unit as will the Italian World Cup team players.

See solution

Tip #49: “All” statements imply inclusivity; “some” statements imply crossover; “no” statements imply exclusivity.

Problem 38: Medical Hierarchy

All surgeons are doctors.

Some researchers are surgeons.

All doctors are medically licensed.

No student is medically licensed.

If all the statements above are true, which one of the following cannot be true?

A) No doctors are researchers.

B) Some surgeons are doctors but not researchers.

C) Some researchers are doctors but not surgeons.

D) Some surgeons are medically licensed but not researchers.

E) Some researchers are neither surgeons nor medically licensed.

See solution

Tip #50: Whereas “some” statements imply reciprocality, “most” statements do not necessarily imply reciprocality.

Problem 39: Valley High

Based on information obtained from the Admissions and Registrar’s Office of Valley High School, curriculum advisors observed the following enrollment trends for the semester in progress.

No math student is