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U.S. CONGRESS, SENATE, Committee on Foreign Relations, Mansfield, Senator Mike, Report of, On a Study Mission to the Associated States of Indo-China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Loas, 83rd Congress, 1st Session, 27 Oct 1953.

____. Report of …, to Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, 83rd Congress, 2nd Session, 15 Oct 1954.

____. Report of …, to Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, 84th Congress, 1st Session, 6 Oct 1955.

U.S. CONGRESS, SENATE, 89TH CONGRESS, 2ND SESSION. Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations; Supplemental Foreign Assistance Fiscal Year 1966—Vietnam, S. 2793 (Fulbright Hearings), Part I, pp. 1–743. (The Hearings were also published as a trade book by Random House with an introduction by Sen. Fulbright: The Vietnam Hearings, New York, 1966.)

U.S. CONGRESS, 92ND, 2ND SESSION: SENATE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS. The United states and Vietnam: 1944–41. A staff study based on “The Pentagon Papers” by Robert M. Blum (cited as PP, Senate). USGPO, Washington, D.C., 1972.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. The Pentagon Papers: United States-Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967. Study prepared in twelve books by the Department of Defense and declassified for the House Armed Services Committee (cited as PP). USGPO, Washington, D.C, 1971.

____. The Pentagon Papers: History of United States Decision Making on Vietnam, Senator Gravel edition. 4 vols, and Index volume. Boston, 1971–72. (Citations are from this edition unless otherwise noted.)

____. The Pentagon Papers: as published by the New York Times. New York, 1971.

U.S. OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF MILITARY HISTORY: MARCEL VIGNERAS. Special Studies: Rearming the French. Washington, D.C., 1957.

U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT. Foreign Relations of the United States (annual). USGPO. Washington, D.C.

VIGNERAS, MARCEL. See U.S. Office of the Chief of Military History.

WHITE, RALPH K. Nobody Wanted War: Misperception in Vietnam and Other Wars. New York, 1968.

WHITE, THEODORE. The Making of the President, 1968. New York, 1969.

WICKER, TOM. JFK and LBJ. New York, 1968.

WILCOX, FRANCIS O. Congress, the Executive, and Foreign Policy. New York, 1971.

PERSONS CONSULTED

GEORGE W. BALL LESLIE GELB HARRISON SALISBURY

MC GEORGE BUNDY DAVID HALBERSTAM BILL MOYERS

WILLIAM P. BUNDY MORTON HALPERIN DAVID SCHOENBRUN

MICHAEL FORRESTAL CARL KAYSEN JAMES thomson

J. K. GALBRAITH ROBERT S. MC NAMARA

REFERENCE NOTES

Abbreviations

ARVN Army of the Republic of Vietnam (South)

CCS Combined Chiefs of Staff (Allied in World War II)

CINCPAC Commander in Chief, Pacific

DRV Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North)

FRC (Senate) Foreign Relations Committee

FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States (annual series)

JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff

MAAG Military Assistance Advisory Group

MACV Military Assistance Command Vietnam

NSC National Security Council

PP Pentagon Papers (all references are to the Gravel edition, except where otherwise noted)

SEA Southeast Asia

1. In Embryo

1. ROOSEVELT, “SHOULD NOT GO BACK TO FRANCE”: Hull, II, 1597.

2. THE PRESIDENT “HAS BEEN MORE OUTSPOKEN”: q. Thome, 468.

3. AT CAIRO, “NOT TO GO BACK!”: Stilwell Papers, q. B. W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, New York, 1971, 405. trusteeship “for 25 years” and “1 asked chiang kai-shek”: ibid., 410.

4. GEORGES BIDAULT, “WHOLE-HEARTED COOPERATION”: q. La Feber, 1292.

5. FAR EAST DESK URGED INDEPENDENCE: J. C. Vincent Mem. 2 Nov 43, FRUS, 1943, China, 866. See also Fifield, 69 n.

6. “VOLUNTARY” CONSENT OF FORMER COLONIAL POWER: Drachman, 51.

7. ROOSEVELT DID NOT WANT TO GET “MIXED UP”: Mem. for Secretary of State, 1 Jan 45, FRUS, 1945, VI, 293. REVERSED HIMSELF: FRUS, 1944, British Commonwealth and Europe, FDR to Hull, 16 Oct 44. See also Drachman, 80.

8. ROOSEVELT ON “INDEPENDENCE”: to Charles Taussig, Halberstam, 81; Thorne, 630.

9. STETTIN LUS ON FRENCH SOVEREIGNTY: repeated by Grew, FRUS, 1945, VI, 307, 8 May 45. De Gaulle, “IF YOU ARE AGAINST US”: Caffery to Sec. of State, FRUS, 1945, VI, 300.

10. GREW, “ENTIRELY INNOCENT”: Grew to Caffery, FRUS, 1945,