The Myth of Choice_ Personal Responsibility in a World of Limits - Kent Greenfield [92]
14. United States v. Drayton, 536 U.S. 194 (2002).
15. West Virginia State Bd. Of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943).
16. David Byers et al., Gang Rape Releases Cause Aboriginal Fury, THE TIMES, Dec. 10, 2007, available at http://www.timesonline.co.uk; Padraic Murphy, Natasha Robinson & Tony Koch, Gang-Rape Judge in New Child Sex Furore, THE AUSTRALIAN, Feb. 15, 2008, at 1.
17. “Rape is not committed” in People v. Carey, 119 N.E. 83 (N.Y. 1918); “outward manifestation of nonconsent” in Roger B. Dworkin, Note, The Resistance Standard in Rape Legislation, 18 STAN. L. REV. 680, 689 (1966).
18. State in Interest of M.T.S., 609 A.2d 1266 (N.J. 1992).
19. Michelle J. Anderson, Negotiating Sex, 78 S. CAL. L. REV. 1401 (2005).
20. See “Decriminalize Prostitution!” Meetup group, San Francisco, available at http://www.meetup.com/decriminalize.
CHAPTER 3
Our Choices, Our Brains
Epigraphs: “Don’t Look at Me That Way” (from “Paris”), words and music by Cole Porter, copyright © 1928 (renewed) Warner Bros. Inc. All rights reserved; used by permission. GREGORY MAGUIRE, WICKED: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF THE WICKED WITCH OF THE WEST 231 (1996, 1st paperback ed.).
1. AMBROSE BIERCE, CYNIC’S WORD BOOK 39 (1906).
2. Gene Weingarten, Fatal Distraction, WASH. POST MAG., Mar. 8, 2009, at 14.
3. You can hear the 911 call at Mom Acquitted but Tortured by Son’s Death, ABC News, Jan. 28, 2008, http://abcnews.go.com. For an award-winning, in-depth look at the problems of “forgotten baby syndrome” see Weingarten, supra, at 8.
4. Weingarten, supra, at 12–14.
5. Mom Acquitted but Tortured by Son’s Death, supra; Weingarten, supra, at 25–26.
6. Weingarten, supra, at 12–14. An accessible treatment of the nature of how our brains evolved is GARY MARCUS, KLUGE: THE HAPHAZARD EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN MIND (2008).
7. JONAH LEHRER, HOW WE DECIDE 151–52 (2009). See also Sandra Aamodt & Sam Wang, Tighten Your Belt, Strengthen Your Mind, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 2, 2008 (discussing the brain’s “limited capacity for self-regulation” and how it can be overtaxed by exertion of willpower). The leading scholar in this area of brain science is Roy Baumeister. See, for example, Roy Baumeister, Ellen Bratslavsky, Mark Muraven & Diane Tice, Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?, 74 J. OF PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. 1252 (1998) (test subjects who ate radishes instead of chocolates quit attempts to solve a puzzle sooner); Diane Tice, Roy Baumeister, Dikla Shmueli & Mark Muraven, Restoring the Self: Positive Affect Helps Improve Self-Regulation Following Ego Depletion, 43 J. OF EXP. SOC. PSYCHOL. 379 (2007) (discussing ways to “recharge” willpower by using comedy or an unexpected gift).
8. Weingarten, supra, at 12–14; Marcus, supra, at 52.
9. See generally, Model Penal Code § 210.2, cmt. at 16 (1980); SAMUEL H. PILLSBURY, JUDGING EVIL: RETHINKING THE LAW OF MURDER AND MANSLAUGHTER, 79–186 (1998); for a discussion of the law surrounding the heat of passion, see generally Stephen P. Garvey, Passion’s Puzzle, 90 IOWA L. REV. 1677 (2005); for a classic case of recklessness and manslaughter, see Commonwealth v. Welanksy, 316 Mass. 383, 55 N.E.2d 902 (1944) (holding a nightclub owner liable for reckless disregard for violating occupancy levels and fire codes).
10. In New York, for example, a defendant can only be charged with first-degree murder “in a variety of special circumstances, such as when the victim is a police officer or an employee of a state or local correctional institution, or when the crime is committed while a defendant is either in custody under a life sentence or is at large after having escaped from such custody.” See NY PENAL § 125.27. In Pennsylvania murder is divided into three degrees. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502.
11. For the influence of brain science on punishment, see generally O. Carter Snead, Neuroimaging and the Complexity of Capital Punishment, 82