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to get hit with longer, harsher sentences—on average twenty-two months longer in prison); Harold Sigall & Nancy Ostrove, Beautiful but Dangerous: Effects of Offender Attractiveness and Nature of the Crime on Juridic Judgment, 31 J. OF PERSONALITY AND SOC. PSYCHOL. 410, 410–414 (1975).

28. Marcus, supra, at 44.

29. Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, 185 SCIENCE 1124 (1981).

30. See Jon Hanson & David Yosifon, The Situational Character: A Critical Realist Perspective on the Human Animal, 93 GEO. L.J. 1, 61–62 (2004).

31. See Online News Hour, Bush Defends “RATS” Ad, September 12, 2000, available at http://www.pbs.org/newshour. The ad is readily available on YouTube by searching for “bush rats ad.” “RATS” appears approximately twenty-five seconds into the ad.

32. DREW WESTEN, THE POLITICAL BRAIN 58–59 (2007); see also DANIEL GILBERT, STUMBLING ON HAPPINESS 173 (2006) (explaining a study that showed that volunteers who watched a computer screen on which words such as “hostile,” “elderly,” and “stupid” appear for only a few milliseconds are unaware of the words but affected by them).

33. See BARRY SCHWARTZ, THE PARADOX OF CHOICE (2004) 61–62.

34. Id. at 62.

35. See Gilbert, supra, at 78, 202–05; Schwartz, supra, at 49; Daniel Kahneman, Objective Happiness, in WELL-BEING: FOUNDATIONS OF HEDONIC PSYCHOLOGY 3–25 (Daniel Kahnemen, Ed Diener & Norbery Schwartz, eds., 1999).

36. MEMENTO (Newmarket 2000).

37. Schwartz, supra, at 50; Donald A. Redelmeier & Daniel Kahneman, Patients’ Memories of Painful Medical Treatments: Real-Time and Retrospective Evaluations of Two Minimally Invasive Procedures, 66 PAIN 3, 3–8 (1996).

38. Gilbert, supra, at 203.

39. Gilbert, supra, at 238.

40. Schwartz, supra, at 51; Daniel Read & George Lowenstein, Diversification Bias: Explaining the Discrepancy in Variety Seeking between Combined and Separated Choices, J. OF EXP. PSYCH.: APPLIED 1, 34–49 (1995).

41. DAN ARIELY, PREDICTABLY IRRATIONAL (rev. ed., 2009).

CHAPTER 4

Choice and Culture

Epigraphs: LES BACK, THE ART OF LISTENING 15 (2007). TOM PERROTTA, LITTLE CHILDREN 9 (2004).

1. See Mohamed Osman & Sarah el Deeb, Lubna Hussein Trial: Police Beat Women Opposing Sudan Dress Code, Associated Press, Aug. 4, 2009; see also “Tight Pants” Woman Jailed for Not Paying Fine, CNN.com, Sept. 7, 2009.

2. JOHN R. BOWEN, WHY THE FRENCH DON’T LIKE HEADSCARVES 1–4 (2007); T. Jeremy Gunn, Under God but Not the Scarf: The Founding Myths of Religious Freedom in the United States and Laïcité in France, 46 J. CHURCH & ST. 7, 18 (2004).

3. Sarkozy Says Burqas Are “Not Welcome” in France, Associated Press, June 22, 2009; David Gauthier-Villars & Charles Forelle, French Parliament Passes Law Banning Burqas, WALL ST. J., Sept. 15, 2010.

4. Jan Hoffman, Can a Boy Wear a Skirt to School? When Gender Bends the Dress Code, High Schools Struggle to Respond, N.Y. TIMES, NOV. 8, 2009, at ST1, 10.

5. Id. at 10.

6. I Corinthians 11:3–10.

7. Maureen Dowd, The Nuns’ Story, N.Y. TIMES, Oct. 25, 2009.

8. CAROLYN P. BLACKWOOD, THE PASTOR’S WIFE (1951) at 15, 51, 52.

9. Id. at 44.

10. See Williams v. Saxby, 433 F. Supp. 654 (D. D.C. 1976), rev’d in part on other grounds, vacated in part 587 F.2d 1240 (2d Cir. 1978); see also Wendy Pollack, Sexual Harassment: Women’s Experience v. Legal Definitions, 13 HARV. WOMEN’S L.J. 35, 41–50 (1990); see generally Michelle J. Anderson, Marital Immunity, Intimate Relationships, and Improper Inferences: A New Law on Sexual Offenses by Intimates, 54 HASTINGS L.J. 1465 (2003).

11. See Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971).

12. The case is Commonwealth v. Berkowitz, 609 A.2d 1338 (Pa. Super. 1992), aff’d in part and rev’d in part, 641 A.2d 1161 (Pa. 1994). The discussion in the text owes much to Dan Kahan, Culture, Cognition, and Consent: Who Perceives What, and Why, in “Acquaintance Rape” Cases, 158 U. PA. L. REV. 729 (2010).

13. 609 A.2d at 1340.

14. 641 A.2d at 1164.

15. Dale Russakoff, Where Women Can’t Just Say “No,