The New Jim Crow_ Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness - Michelle Alexander [155]
31 Manning Marable, Race, Reform and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945-1990 (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1991), 44; see also Michael Klarman, “Brown, Racial Change, and the Civil Rights Movement,” Virginia Law Review 80 (1994), 7, 9.
32 Marable, Race, Reform and Rebellion, 69.
33 Stephen F. Lawson, Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944-1969 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 300, 321, 329, 331.
34 Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail (New York: Pantheon, 1977), 269.
35 John Donovan, The Politics of Poverty (Indianapolis: Pegasus, 1973), 23.
36 Gerald McKnight, The Last Crusade: Martin Luther King, Jr., the FBI, and the Poor People’s Campaign (New York: Westview Press, 1998), 21-22.
37 Richard Nixon, “If Mob Rule Takes Hold in U.S.,” U.S. News and World Report , Aug. 15, 1966, 64.
38 U.S. House, “Northern Congressmen Want Civil Rights but Their Constituents Do Not Want Negroes,” Congressional Record, 86th Cong., 2d sess. (1960) 106, pt. 4: 5 062-63.
39 Katherine Beckett, Making Crime Pay: Law and Order in Contemporary American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 32.
40 Vesla M. Weaver, “Frontlash: Race and the Development of Punitive Crime Policy,” Studies in American Political Development 21 (Fall 2007): 242.
41 Barry Goldwater, “Peace Through Strength,” in Vital Speeches of the Day, vol. 30 (New York: City News, 1964), 744.
42 “Poverty: Phony Excuse for Riots? Yes, Says a Key Senator,” U.S. News and World Report, July 31, 1967, 14.
43 Joel Rosch, “Crime as an Issue in American Politics,” in The Politics of Crime and Criminal Justice (Beverley Hills: Sage Publications, 1985).
44 Beckett, Making Crime Pay, 32.
45 Marc Mauer, Race to Incarcerate (New York: The New Press, 1999), 52.
46 Weaver, “Frontlash,” 262.
47 Ibid.
48 Klarman, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights, 110.
49 See, e.g., Patrick Buchanan, The New Majority: President Nixon at Mid-Passage (Philadelphia: Girard Bank, 1973).
50 Willard M. Oliver, The Law & Order Presidency (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003), 127-28, citing Dan Baum, Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure (Boston: Little, Brown, 1996), 13.
51 John Ehrlichman, Witness to Power: The Nixon Years (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970), 233.
52 Ibid.
53 See Kevin Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1969).
54 Warren Weaver, “The Emerging Republican Majority,” New York Times, Sept. 21, 1969.
55 Beckett, Making Crime Pay, 34.
56 Lyndon Johnson, “Remarks on the City Hall Steps, Dayton, Ohio,” in Public Papers of the Presidents 1963-64, vol. 2 (1965), 1371.
57 Thomas Byrne Edsall and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1992), 12-13.
58 Ibid., 38.
59 Ibid., 74.
60 Weaver, “Frontlash,” 259.
61 See Philip A. Klinker and Rogers M. Smith, The Unsteady March: The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America (University of Chicago Press, 1999), 292.
62 Edsall and Edsall, Chain Reaction, 4.
63 Ibid., 138; see also Jeremy Mayer, Running on Race (New York: Random House, 2002), 71.
64 Ibid.
65 Bob Herbert, “Righting Reagan’s Wrongs?” New York Times, Nov. 13, 2007; see also Paul Krugman, “Republicans and Race,” New York Times, Nov. 19, 2007.
66 Edsall and Edsall, Chain Reaction, 148, quoting New York Times, Feb. 15, 1976.
67 Ibid., quoting Washington Post, Jan. 28, 1976.
68 Dick Kirschten, “Jungle Warfare,” National Journal, Oct. 3, 1981.
69 Edsall and Edsall, Chain Reaction, 164.
70 Beckett, Making Crime Pay, 47.
71 Ibid., 56; see also Julian Roberts, “Public Opinion, Crime and Criminal Justice,” in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 16, ed. Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press, 1992).
72 Beckett, Making Crime Pay, 53, citing Executive Office of the President, Budget of the U.S. Government (1990).
73 Ibid., citing U.S. Office of the National