The Pirates of Somalia_ Inside Their Hidden World - Jay Bahadur [125]
10. A 2004 paper estimated that 57 per cent of Somalia’s foreign exchange had made its way to Kenya through the khat trade in the few years prior. Cited in Anderson et al., Khat Controversy, 61.
11. Tim Marshall, “Yemen: Legal High Is ‘Fueling’ Extremism,’ ” Sky News, January 15, 2010, http://news.sky.com.
12. “Somali Gunmen ‘Renounce Piracy,’ ” BBC News, May 25, 2009, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news.
CHAPTER 7: THE LAND OF PUNT
1. Quoted in Jalal al-Sharaabi, Khaled Mahmoud, and Courtney C. Radsch, “Somali Leaders Accuse Islamists of Piracy,” Al Arabiya News Channel, December 2, 2008, http://www.alarabiya.net.
2. Abdirahman Farole, speech before the US House of Representatives Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health, June 25, 2009, author’s copy.
3. “Anti-Piracy Campaign Begins Today in Puntland,” Garowe Online, April 24, 2009, http://www.garoweonline.com.
4. Ibid.
5. Puntland also employs an extensive system of religious, or sharia, law courts, which deal mostly with matters of family law.
6. Quoted in “Puntland Has Sacrificed for Its Peace, Says Pres. Farole,” Garowe Online, November 17, 2010, http://www.garoweonline.com/.
7. UN Monitoring Group on Somalia, Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia pursuant to Security Council resolution 1853 (2008), S/2010/91, March 10, 2010, http://www.un.org/sc/committees/751/mongroup.shtml, 39.
8. According to the terms of the arrangement, Range Resources was granted exploration rights for $25 million to be paid in monthly instalments of $200,000.
9. “Puntland Govt Arrests Official with Alleged Links to Pirates,” Garowe Online, February 24, 2008, http://www.garoweonline.com.
10. UN Monitoring Group on Somalia, Report, March 10, 2010, 41.
11. “Puntland Leader Sacks Deputy Police Chief,” Garowe Online, October 13, 2008, http://www.garoweonline.com.
12. Not only did Farole fail to win an ally in Congress, House committee chair Donald Payne issued a report highly critical of the Puntland administration, accusing it of a litany of human rights abuses. Alisha Ryu, “US Congressman Criticizes Puntland for Abusive Behavior,” Voice of America, November 23, 2009, http://www.voanews.com.
13. “Puntland’s Leader Says UN Report Is ‘Politically Motivated,’ ” Garowe Online, March 22, 2010, http://www.garoweonline.com.
CHAPTER 8: MOMMAN
1. UN High Commission for Refugees, Mixed Migration Task Force, Mixed Migration Task Force Update No. 8, August 2009, http://ochaonline.un.org.
CHAPTER 9: THE POLICEMEN OF THE SEA
1. These figures have been taken from the Nairobi-based NGO ECOTERRA, and include attacks that may not have been reported to more conventionally cited sources, such as the International Maritime Bureau.
2. These success rates are probably somewhat exaggerated, due to the number of failed pirate attacks that go unreported to any authority.
3. Stig Jarle Hansen, Piracy in the Greater Gulf of Aden: Myths, Misconceptions and Remedies, NIBR Report 2009:29 (Oslo: Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research, 2009), http://en.nibr.no, 36.
4. Only two deaths have been attributed to NAVFOR, however. The majority of the fatalities (thirty-eight) were caused by individual navies (figures are from the Belgian defence news website Bruxelles 2, http://bruxelles2.over-blog.com). The journalist tracking these statistics stopped in May 2010 because he found it too difficult to obtain accurate information.
5. ECOTERRA, Somali Marine & Coastal Monitor 291, November 19, 2009.
6. Quoted in Kathryn Westcott, “ ‘Pirate’ death puts spotlight on ‘guns for hire,’ ” BBC News, March 24, 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news.
7. US Department of Transportation, Economic Impact of Piracy in the Gulf of Aden on Global Trade, September 2010, http://www.marad.dot.gov.