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13. Gary Snyder, A Place in Space (Washington, DC: Counterpoint, 1996), p. 57.

14. Suiter, Poets on the Peaks, pp. 12–13.

15. Gary Snyder, Earth House Hold: Technical Notes and Queries to Fellow Dharma Revolutionaries (New York: New Directions, 1969), p. 12.

16. Ibid.

17. Gary Snyder, “A Berry Feast,” in The Back Country (New York: New Directions, 1971), p. 3.

18. Suiter, Poets on the Peaks, p. 14.

19. Jeanne Abbot, “Gary Snyder,” Anchorage Daily News, October 7, 1976.

20. Suiter, Poets on the Peaks, pp. 15–38.

21. Crandall, “Mountaineers Are Always Free,” p. 3.

22. Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, Essays in Zen Buddhism (New York: Grove, 1961), p. 262.

23. Jeremy Anderson, “My First Encounter with a Real Poet,” in John Halper (ed.), Snyder: Dimensions of a Life (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club, 1991), p. 30.

24. Suiter, Poets on the Peaks, p. 45.

25. John Suiter, “Rolling Toward the Mountain: Jack Kerouac’s Last Great Adventure,” Sierra (March–April 1958).

26. Ed Zahniser (ed.), Where Wilderness Preservation Began: Adirondack Writings of Howard Zahniser (Utica, NY: North Country, 1992), p. 1.

27. Han Shan, Cold Mountain Poems (Boston, MA: Shambhala, 2009), p. 30.

28. Quoted in Carol Baker, “1414 SE Lambert Street,” in John Halper (ed.), Snyder: Dimensions of a Life (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club, 1991).

29. Edward Abbey (ed.), The Best of Edward Abbey (San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club, 1984), p. 243.

30. Jack Kerouac, The Dharma Bums (New York: Penguin, 1976), p. 12.

31. Suiter, Poets on the Peaks, p. 66.

32. William Blake, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (New York: Trianon, 1975), p. xxii.

33. Suiter, Poets on the Peaks, p. 71. It is impossible to write about Snyder at Sourdough without drawing on Suiter’s book. All of my understanding of Snyder in the North Cascades emanates from Poets on the Peaks.

34. Travis Nicholas, “ ‘How Do You Like Your World?’ The Zen of Philip Whalen,” Poetry Foundation, March 25, 2008. (At Web site.)

35. Henry David Thoreau, Walden (London: J.M. Dent, 1955), p. viii.

36. Howard Zahniser, “The Need for Wilderness Areas,” Living Wilderness, No. 59 (Winter–Spring 1956–1957), pp. 37–43.

37. Roger Kaye, Last Great Wilderness: The Campaign to Establish the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2006), p. 93.

38. Margaret E. Murie, Two in the Far North (New York: Knopf, 1962), p. 371.

39. Trevor Carolan, “The Wild Mind of Gary Snyder,” Shambhala Sun Online (April 29, 2010).

40. Allen Ginsberg, Howl and Other Poems (San Francisco, CA: City Lights, 1956), p. 17.

41. Rod Phillips, “Forest Beatnicks” and “Urban Thoreaus,” pp. 1–2.

42. Allen Ginsberg to John Allen Ryan (mid-September 1955), quoted in Bill Morgan and Nancy J. Peters (eds.), Howl on Trial: The Battle for Free Expression (San Francisco, CA: City Lights, 2006), p. 36.

43. Author interview with Michael McClure, July 7, 2010.

44. Michael McClure, Humans to St. Geryon and Other Poems (San Francisco, CA: Auerhahn, 1959), pp. 7–8.

45. Jonah Raskin, American Scream: Allen Ginsberg, Howl, and the Making of the Beat Generation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), pp. 18–21.

46. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac: With Essays on Conservation from Round River (New York: Ballantine, Random House, Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 137.

47. Ginsberg, Howl and Other Poems.

48. Kerouac, The Dharma Bums, p. 14.

49. Michael McClure, Scratching the Beat Surface: Essays on New Vision from Blake to Kerouac (New York: Penguin, 1994), p. 13.

50. Norman Chance, “Project Chariot: The Nuclear Legacy of Cape Thompson, Alaska,” Arctic Circle, Resource Database. Accessed July 7, 2010.

51. Roderick Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 291.

52. Paul Brooks, The Pursuit of Wilderness (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. 67.

53. Dan O’Neill,