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By Root 1965 0

city for a year to become eligible for the benefits. If using a doctor within the city’s health network, employees have to pay 15 percent out of pocket; if using a doctor outside the network, employees are responsible for 50 percent of the costs. An article by Margie Mason for the Associated Press said that the city had identified fourteen transgendered employees out of its thirty-seven thousand workers. Margie Mason, “Sex-Change Benefits Approved in San Francisco,” Associated Press, April 30,2001. Brad told me, “In the city there are thirteen of us. Half of those have already had the surgery; out of the other seven, three don’t want surgery. So I would say that there are only four people. Hello? There are not going to be droves of people coming out here. There aren’t that many city jobs, and you’ve got to wait a year anyway. This year they’ve got one point seven million dollars set aside for the thirty-five surgeries they thought were gonna happen. They said that they overestimated, because they wanted to err on the side of more, but they are way overestimating.”

a recent needs assessment survey Jessica Xavier, “Final report of the Washington Transgender Needs Assessment Survey,” Washington, D.C., Administration for HIV and AIDS, District of Columbia Department of Health.

the prevalence of SRS in the U.S. is at least on the order of I:2500 Lynn Con-way, “How Frequently Does Transsexualism Occur,” available online at http://www.lynnconway.com.

A group of researchers in the Netherlands P.L.E. Eklund, L.J.G. Gooren, and P. D. Bezemer, “Prevalence of Transsexualism in the Netherlands,” British Journal of Psychiatry 152 (1988): 638—40.

“gender identity disorders” are probably far more common Weiss, “Gender Caste System,” 129 (n. 9).

Gunter Dorner, a German endocnnologist G. Dorner, F. Götz, W. Rohde, et al, “Genetic and Epigenetic Effects on Sexual Brain Organization Mediated by Sex Hormones,” Neuroendocrinology Letters 22 (2001): 403—409. See also G. Dorner, I. Poppe, F. Stahl, et al., “Gene and Environment-Dependent Neuroendocrine Etiogenesis of Homosexuality and Transsexualism,” Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology 98, no. 2 (1991): 141—50; G. Dorner, “Neuroendocrine Response to Estrogen and Brain Differentiation in Heterosexuals, Homosexuals, and Transsexuals, Archives of Sexual Behavior 17, no. 1 (February 1988): 57—75; G. Dorner, “Sex Hormone Dependent Brain Differentiation and Sexual Behavior,” Experimental Brain Research suppl. 3 (1981): 238-45; G. Dorner, F. Docke, F. Götz, et al., “Sexual Differentation of Gonadotrophin Secretion, Sexual Orientation and Gender Role Behavior,” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 27, no. 4—6 (1987): 1081-87.

Dorner has published extensively on the organizational effects of hormones on the brain, and possible implications for sexual orientation and transsexualism. Earlier in his career, Dorner’s theories on the somatic basis of homosexuality and gender variance were considered reactionary, but since 1987, the biological school has rebounded. “By the early 1980s, en-docrinological theories of sexual orientation seemed to have reached a low point of credibility, and those who still espoused them were considered the ‘bad guys’ who were on a mission to eliminate homosexuality by a technical fix. In Dorner’s case the label was well deserved.” Simon LeVay, Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality (Cambridge and London: MIT Press, 1996), 120. Later, in a discussion of Dorner’s hypothesis that prenatal stress might play a role in the development of homosexuality in men, LeVay says that “to give Dorner his due, his theory does have one thing going for it: it is based on a solid body of research conducted on animals.” Queer Science, 164.

the flip side of the postmodern “performativity” argument See Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Rout-ledge, 1999) and Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex (New York: Routledge, 1993).

many of these chemicals can disturb development of the endocrine system World Health Organization,