The Riddle of Gender - Deborah Rudacille [188]
What Erickson did on a small scale Author telephone interview with Aaron Devor, June 10, 2002.
When the first HBIGDA conference was going to be held Author interview with Jude Patton, June 21, 2003, Philadelphia, Pa.
HBIGDA recognised the use of private practitioners Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed, 273.
Six CHILDHOOD, INTERRUPTED
I wonder what my parents imagined would happen to me in a mental hospital Daphne Scholinski, The Last Time I Wore a Dress (New York: Riverhead Books, 1997), 6.
Defining a mental disorder Herb Kutchins and Stuart A. Kirk, Making Us Cray: DSM— The Psychiatric Bible and the Creation of Mental Disorders. (New York: Free Press, 1997), 27.
As early as i<)56, the psychologist Evelyn Hooker Evelyn Hooker, “The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual,” Journal of Projective Techniques 21 (1957): 18—31; Evelyn Hooker, “Male Homosexuality in the Rorschach,” Journal of Projective Techniques 22 (1958): 33—54.
The deletion of homosexuality from the manual See “The Fall and Rise of Homosexuality,” in Kutchins and Kirk, Making Us Cravj, 55—100, a discussion of the political activism and internal debate in the American Psychiatric Association that led to the deletion of the diagnosis.
DSM is the psychotherapist’s password for insurance coverage Kutchins and Kirk, Making Us Cravj, 12.
“transsexualism” first appeared as a diagnostic category American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1980).
due to inexperience and naivete Norman Fisk, M.D., “Gender Dysphoria Syndrome: The How, What, and Why of a Disease,” in Proceedings of the Second Interdisciplinary Symposium on Gender Dysphona Syndrome, eds. Donald R. Laub, M.D, and Patrick S. Gandy, M.S., Stanford University Medical Center, February 2-4,1973, 8. The symposium was sponsored by the divisions of Urology and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the Stanford School of Medicine. Laub, a surgeon, and Fisk, a psychiatrist, were the primary architects of the Stanford Gender Identity Clinic. See also D. R. Laub and N. Fisk, “A Rehabilitation Program for Gender Dys phoria Syndrome by Surgical Sex Change,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 53, no. 4 (April 1974): 388-403. For a consumer’s perspective on the Stanford program, see Dawn Levy, “Two Transsexuals Reflect on University’s Pioneering Gender Dysphoria Program.” Levy describes the experience of Sandy Stone and Jamison Green in the program. Stanford Online Report. Downloaded on July 18, 2001, from http://wwwStanford.edu/dept/news/report/news/may3/sexhange-53-html.
We avidly searched for those patients who, if admitting to homosexual behavior at all Fisk, “Gender Dysphoria Syndrome,” 8.
intensely and abidingly uncomfortable in their anatomic and genetic sex Ibid., 10. Fisk admits that “the vast majority of patients who qualify for primary diagnosis of gender dysphoria syndrome, as opposed to transsex- ualism, are people who themselves rush to embrace the diagnosis of trans- sexualism.” He attributes this to the fact that “both homosexuality and transvestism are still affectively experienced by many of our patients and their families as painful and inexcusable moral perversions or fetishes,” im plying that a diagnosis of transsexualism was not, at that time, perceived in the same manner by the patients themselves or their families (14). See also Laub and Fisk, “Rehabilitation Program;” and Norman M. Fisk, “Five Spectacular Results,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 7, no. 4 (1978).
In 1994, the diagnosis of transsexualism was deleted American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1994).
a strong and persistent cross-gender identification Diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder of childhood, from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (American Psychological Association, 1994).
Behaviors that would be ordinary or even exemplary for gender conforming