The Riddle of Gender - Deborah Rudacille [191]
LGBT patients face many barriers to adequate health care See Hope Vander-burg, “Are LGBT Patients Receiving Adequate Healthcare?” conference summary, American Medical Students Association Fifty-first Annual Convention, March 28-April 1, 2001. Retrieved from http://wwwmedscape xom/Medscape/M … 07.01.vand/mms0507.01.vand-01.html on 5/14/01.
rates of HIV infection among male-to-female transsexuals in cities See Jessica Xavier, Washington Transgender Needs Assessment Survey, and The Transgender Community Health Project, published by the San Francisco Department of Public Health, February 1999, available at http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite. See also “HIV-Related Tuberculosis in a Transgender Network—Baltimore MD and New York City 1998—2000,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 49, no. 15 (2000): 317—20. “A Plague Undetected,” a news article by Nina Siegal published in Salon, March 2001, correlates high rates of HIV infection among trans communities in a number of cities to needle-sharing in black-market hormone use. Siegal quoted Jason Farrell, executive director of the Positive Health Project, an AIDS outreach program in New York City, as saying, “Due to the lack of tracking, there might be an epidemic out of control and we don’t know about it, nor do we have the resources to address it if we need to.” Siegal also quotes Dr. Paul Simon, a medical epidemiologist at the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, who helped conduct a survey of 244 male-to-female transsexual people in 1998 and 1999. Simon and his colleagues found that 22 percent of those studied were HIV-positive. “That’s as high as what we were seeing among gay and bisexual men in the 1980s at the peak of the epidemic. It’s a very high rate of HIV infection.” Retrieved from www.salon.com on April 9, 2001.
In this culture, and in most of the civilised word today, research data is used Author interview with Kit Rachlin, Washington, D.C., February 16, 2002.
As more young transsexuals push to begin transitioning at a younger age Maria Russo, “Teen Transsexuals: When Do Children Have a Right to Decide
Their Gender?” Salon, August 28, 1999- Dowloaded from http://www.salon.com/health/sex/urge/1999/08/28/transexualteens, April 9,2001.
Seven FEAR OF A PINK PLANET
Developments in the last decade Christine Johnson, “Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Transsexualism,” unpublished paper, available online at http: // www. Trans Ad vocate. org.
Yes, there seems to be a great deal of discomfort in the media Author’s personal communication, Christine Johnson, November 13, 2001.
a workshop on endocrine disrupters in February 2002 Test Smart Endocrine Disrupters Workshop, Fairfax, Va., February 25-26, 2002.
DES was first synthesized… in the laboratory of Sir Charles Dodds E. C. Dodds and W. Lawson, “Oestrogenic Activity of Certain Synthetic Compounds, Nature 141 (1938): 247-49.
Seven published papers subsequently reported Roberta J. Apfel, M.D., and Susan M. Fisher, M.D., To Do No Harm: DES and the Dilemmas of Modern Medicine (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), 23.
A larger, controlled study W. J. Dieckmann, M. E. Davies, L. M. Ryn-kiewicz, et al., “Does the Administration of Diethylstilbestrol During Pregnancy Have Any Therapeutic Value?” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 181, no. 6 (December 1999): 1572—3.
DES became a routine part of the quality care that practitioners gave their middle-class patients Apfel and Fisher, To Do No Harm, 25.
Methyl groups are entirely derived Sandra Blakeslee, New York Times, October 6, 2003.
DES also feminizes these patients Apfel and Fisher, To Do No Harm, 41.
A fact sheet on DES The reference to transsexual changes was removed from the online version of the NTP fact sheet in 2003. However, the reference to “transsexual changes particularly in utero” remains in the dictionary. Diethylstilbesterol entry, in J. Buckingham and F. Macdonald, eds., Dictionary of Organic Compouds, 6th ed. (New York: Chapman and Hall, 1996).
the fetus probably becomes sensitised to all estrogens by DES exposure