The Riddle of Gender - Deborah Rudacille [193]
It seems that the entire focus of any ongoing “cohort” tracking Author’s personal communication, Scott Kerlin, September 12, 2001.
the goal of the DCCS is to determine whether the health risk of cancer Centers for Disease Control, http://www.cdc.gov/DES.
not only increased incidence of hypospadias but also “lower ratings” I. D. Yalom, R. Green, and N. Fish, “Prenatal Exposure to Female Hormones,” Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry 28 (April 1973): 554—61.
A study published in 1992 by researchers at the Kinsey Institute J. M. Reinisch and S. A. Sanders, “Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) on Hemispheric Laterality and Spatial Ability in Human Males,” Hormones and Behavior 26, no. 1 (1992): 52—75.
this subject, as I don’t need to tell you Personal communication, Pat Cody to Scott Kerlin, June 8, 2001.
Since we cannot create fresh studies of DES in humans Author’s personal communication, Scott Kerlin, September 10, 2002.
In 2001, the researcher Niels Skakkebaek and colleagues N. E. Skakkebaek, E. Rajpert-De Meyts, and K. M. Main, “Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome: An Increasingly Common Developmental Disorder with Environmental Aspects,” Human Reproduction 5 (July 2001): 972—78.
the biological plausibility of possible damage to certain human functions (particularly reproductive and developing systems) World Health Organization, “Global Assessment of the State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupters,” retrieved from http://www.who.int/pcs/emerg_site/edc/global_edc _TOC.htm, July 31, 2002.
It is somewhat ironic that two synthetic chemicals John McLachlan, “Environmental Signaling and Endocrine Disruption,” Endocrine Reviews 22, no. 3 (2001): 323.
Reviewers considered the work metaphysical Sheldon Krimsky, Hormonal Chaos: The Social and Scientific Origins of the Environmental Endocrine Hypothesis (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 13.
The higher the dose, the greater is the expected effect Krimsky, Hormonal Chaos, 13.
The authors of a 2000 paper “It is also the case that the environmental endocrine hypothesis resides at the boundary of endocrinology and toxicology, challenging the common wisdom of both fields. For example, Crews et al. outlined some of the salient points that distinguish environmental endocrine disruption from other toxicological approaches. They contrast the ‘traditional toxicological approach,’ which utilizes a carcinogenic model or acute toxicity, with the ‘endocrine disrupter approach,’ which relies on a developmental model and delayed dysfunction.” McLachlan, “Environmental Signaling,” 320, referencing D. Crews, E. Willingham, and J. K. Sipper, “Endocrine Disrupters: Present Issues, Future Directions,” Quarterly Review of Biology jj (2000): 243—60.
In 1990 … Theo Colborn published the results of an extensive literature search T. Colborn, A. Davidson, S. N. Green, et al., Great Lakes, Great Legacyr (Washington, D.C.: Conservation Foundation, 1992).
studies on what he called “the positioning effect” F. vom Saal and F. Bron-son, “Sexual Characteristics of Adult Female Mice Are Correlated with Their Blood testosterone Levels during Prenatal Development,” Science 208 (1980): 597-99; F S. vom Saal, W. Grant, C. McMullen, and K. Laves, “High Fetal Estrogen Concentrations: Correlation with Enhanced Adult Sexual Preferences and Decreased Aggression in Male Mice,” Science 220 (1983): 1306-9.
Colborn, vomSaal, and other researchers begansharing data T. Colborn, F. S. vom Saal, and A. M. Soto, “Developmental Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Wildlife and Humans, Environmental Health Perspectives ioi (1993): 378-83.
Together, the two wrote a paper, published in the British medical journal The Lancet R. M. Sharpe and N. E. Skakkebaek, “Are