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Pennington, C.R. (1997) Disease and malnutrition in British hospitals. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 56 (1B), 393–407.

Perel, P. and Roberts, I. (2007) Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4), CD000567.

Pickhardt, P.J., Rohrmann, C.A. Jr. and Cossentino, M.J. (2002) Stomal metastases complicating percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: CT findings and the argument for radiologic tube placement. American Journal of Roentgenology, 179 (3), 735–739.

Pirie, E.S. and Gray, M.A. (2007) Exploring the assessors’ and nurses’ experience of formal assessment of clinical competency in the administration of blood components. Nurse Education in Practice, 7 (4), 215–227.

Porth, C. (2005) Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States, 7th edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.

Powell-Tuck, J., Gosling, P., Lobo, D.N. et al. (2009) British Consensus Guidelines on Intravenous Fluid Therapy For Adult Surgical Patients. British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Maidenhead.

PPSA (2006) Confirming feeding tube placement: old habits die hard. Pennsylvania Patient Safety Authority, USA. www.patientsafetyauthority.org/ADVISORIES/AdvisoryLibrary/2006/Dec.

Provan, D., Singer, C.R.J., Baglin, T. and Dokal, I. (2009) Oxford Handbook of Clinical Haematology, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

RCN (2006) Right Blood, Right Patient, Right Time. Royal College of Nursing, London.

Reid, J., Robb, E., Stone, D. et al. (2004) Improving the monitoring and assessment of fluid balance. Nursing Times, 100 (20), 36–39.

Resuscitation Council (2005) Resuscitation Guidelines 2005. Resuscitation Council, London. www.resus.org.uk/pages/guide.htm

Ripamonti, C. and Mercadante, S. (2004) How to use octreotide for malignant bowel obstruction. Journal of Supportive Oncology, 2 (4), 357–364.

Rollins, H. (1997) A nose for trouble. Nursing Times, 93 (49), 66–67.

Roubenoff, R. and Kehayias, J.J. (1991) The meaning and measurement of lean body mass. Nutrition Reviews, 49 (6), 163–175.

Royal Marsden NHS Trust (2002) Eating Well When you Have Cancer – A Guide for Cancer Patients. Royal Marsden NHS Trust, London.

Samuels, R. and Chadwick, D.D. (2006) Predictors of asphyxiation risk in adults with intellectual disabilities and dysphagia. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50 (Pt 5), 362–370.

Scales, K. and Pilsworth, J. (2008) The importance of fluid balance in clinical practice. Nursing Standard, 22 (47), 50–57.

Schofield, W.N. (1985) Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work. Human Nutrition, Clinical Nutrition, 39 (Suppl 1), 5–41.

Shaw, V. and Lawson, M. (2007) Nutritional assessment, dietary requirements and feed supplementation. In: Shaw, V. and Lawson, M. (eds) Clinical Paediatric Dietetics, 3rd edn. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 3–20.

Shenkin, A. (2001) Adult micronutrient requirements. In: Payne-James, J., Grimble, G. and D.B.A., Silk (eds) Artificial Nutrition Support in Clinical Practice. Greenwich Medical Media, London, pp. 193–212.

Sheppard, M. and Wright, M.M.B.A. (2006) Principles and Practice of High Dependency Nursing, 2nd edn. Bailliére Tindall, Edinburgh.

SHOT (2005) Annual Report 2005. Serious Hazards of Transfusion, London.

SHOT (2008) Annual Report 2008. Serious Hazards of Transfusion, London.

Smith Hammond, C. (2008) Cough and aspiration of food and liquids due to oral pharyngeal dysphagia. Lung, 186 (Suppl 1), S35–S40.

SNBTS (2004) Better Blood Transfusion Level 1: Safe Transfusion Practice : Self-Directed Learning Pack. Effective Use of Blood Group, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh. www.learnbloodtransfusion.org.uk/Level_1_SDL.pdf

Sorkin, J.D., Muller, D.C. and Andres, R. (1999) Longitudinal change in height of men and women: implications for interpretation of the body mass index: the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. American Journal of Epidemiology, 150 (9), 969–977.

Sumnall, R. (2007) Fluid