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Melzack, R. (1975) The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain, 1 (3), 277–299.

MHRA (2005) Medical Device Alert Ref. MDA/2005/027. Heat patches or heat packs intended for pain relief. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, London.

Milligan, S., McGill, M., Sweeney, M.P. and Malarkey, C. (2001) Oral care for people with advanced cancer: an evidence-based protocol. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 7 (9), 418–426.

Mitchell, M. (1997) Patients’ perceptions of pre-operative preparation for day surgery. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26 (2), 356–363.

Morley, J.S. and Makin, M.K. (1998) The use of methadone in cancer pain poorly responsive to other opioids. Pain Reviews, 5 (1), 51–59.

Mucci-LoRusso, P., Berman, B.S., Silberstein, P.T. et al. (1998) Controlled-release oxycodone compared with controlled-release morphine in the treatment of cancer pain: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. European Journal of Pain, 2 (3), 239–249.

Munro, C.L. and Grap, M.J. (2004) Oral health and care in the intensive care unit: state of the science. American Journal of Critical Care, 13 (1), 25–33.

Nadler, S.F., Steiner, D.J., Erasala, G.N. et al. (2002) Continuous low-level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than Ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine, 27 (10), 1012–1017.

NHS (2004) 10 High Impact Changes for Service Improvement and Delivery. Stationery Office, London.

NHSQIS (2004) Working with Dependent Older People to Achieve Good Oral Health. NHS Quality Improvement Scotland, Edinburgh.

Nigam, Y. and Knight, J. (2008) Exploring the anatomy and physiology of ageing. Part 6 – the eye and ear. Nursing Times, 104 (36), 22–23.

Nightingale, F. (1859) Notes on Nursing – What It Is and What It Is Not. Churchill Livingstone, London.

NMC (2008a) Consent. Nursing and Midwifery Council, London. www.nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/Advice-by-topic/A/Advice/Consent.

NMC (2008b) The Code: Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwives. Nursing and Midwifery Council, London.

NMC (2009) Record Keeping: Guidance for Nurses and Midwives. Nursing and Midwifery Council, London.

O’Connor, M. and Webb, R. (2002) Learning to rest when in pain. European Journal of Palliative Care, 9 (2), 68–72.

Olver, J. and Cassidy, L. (2005) Ophthalmology at a Glance. Blackwell Science, Oxford.

Orem, D.E. (1980) Nursing: Concepts of Practice, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Otto, S. (2001) Oncology Nursing, 4th edn. Mosby, St Louis, MO.

Pargeon, K.L. and Hailey, B.J. (1999) Barriers to effective cancer pain management: a review of the literature. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 18 (5), 358–368.

Parker, L. (2004) Infection control: maintaining the personal hygiene of patients and staff. British Journal of Nursing, 13 (4), 474–478.

Pasero, C. (1998) Pain control – is laughter the best medicine? American Journal of Nursing, 98 (12), 12–14.

Payne, R.A. (1995) Relaxation Techniques: A Practical Handbook for the Health Care Professional. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

Paz, S. and Seymour, J.E. (2008) Pain theories, evaluation and management, in Palliative Care Nursing: Principles and Evidence for Practice. 2nd edn (eds S. Payne J. Seymour and C. Ingleton). Open University Press, Maidenhead, pp. 252–289.

Pearson, L.S. and Hutton, J.L. (2002) A controlled trial to compare the ability of foam swabs and toothbrushes to remove dental plaque. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 39 (5), 480–489.

Pease, N., Taylor, H. and Major, H. (2004) Strong painkillers and driving. Palliative Medicine, 18, 663–668.

Pegram, A., Bloomfield, J. and Jones, A. (2007) Clinical skills: bed bathing and personal hygiene needs of patients. British Journal of Nursing, 16 (6), 356–358.

Penzer, R. and Finch, M. (2001) Promoting healthy skin in older people. Nursing Standard, 15 (34), 46–52.

Perkins, F.M. and Kehlet, H. (2000) Chronic pain as an outcome of surgery. A review of predictive factors. Anesthesiology, 93