The Silmarillion - J. R. R. Tolkien [208]
hoth ‘host, horde’ (nearly always in a bad sense) in Tol-in-Gaurhoth; also in Loss(h)oth, the Snowmen of Forochel (The Lord of the Rings Appendix A (I, iii)) and Glamhoth ‘din-horde’, a name for Orcs.
hyarmen ‘south’ (Quenya) in Hyarmentir; Sindarin har-, harn, harad.
iâ ‘void, abyss’ in Moria.
iant ‘bridge’ in Iant Iaur.
iâth ‘fence’ in Doriath.
iaur ‘old’ in Iant Iaur; cf. the Elvish name of Bombadil, Iarwain.
ilm- This stem appears in Ilmen, Ilmarë, and also in Ilmarin (‘mansion of the high airs’, the dwelling of Manwë and Varda upon Oiolossë).
ilúvë ‘the whole, the all’ in Ilúvatar.
kal- (gal-) This root, meaning ‘shine’, appears in Calacirya, Calaquendi, Tar-calion; galvorn, Gil-galad, Galadriel. The last two names have no connexion with Sindarin galadh ‘tree’, although in the case of Galadriel such a connexion was often made, and the name altered to Galadhriel. In the High-elven speech her name was Al(a)táriel, derived from alata ‘radiance’ (Sindarin galad) and riel ‘garlanded maiden’ (from a root rig- ‘twine, wreathe’): the whole meaning ‘maiden crowned with a radiant garland’, referring to her hair. calen (galen) ‘green’ is etymologically ‘bright’, and derives from this root; see also aglar.
káno ‘commander’: this Quenya word is the origin of the second element in Fingon and Turgon.
kel- ‘go away’, of water ‘flow away, flow down’, in Celon; from et-kele ‘issue of water, spring’ was derived, with transposition of the consonants, Quenya ehtelë, Sindarin eithel.
kemen ‘earth’ in Kementári; a Quenya word referring to the earth as a flat floor beneath menel, the heavens.
khelek- ‘ice’ in Helcar, Helcaraxë (Quenya helka ‘icy, ice-cold’). But in Helevorn the first element is Sindarin heledh ‘glass’, taken from Khuzdul kheled (cf. Kheled-zâram ‘Mirrormere’); Helevorn means ‘black glass’ (cf. galvorn).
khil- ‘follow’ in Hildor, Hildórien, Eluchil.
kir- ‘cut, cleave’ in Calacirya, Cirth, Angerthas, Cirith (Ninniach, Thoronath). From the sense ‘pass swiftly through’ was derived Quenya círya ‘sharp-prowed ship’ (cf. English cutter), and this meaning appears also in Círdan, Tar-Ciryatan, and no doubt in the name of Isildur’s son Ciryon.
lad ‘plain, valley’ in Dagorlad, Himlad; imlad a narrow valley with steep sides, in Imladris (cf. also Imlad Morgul in the Ephel Dúath).
laurë ‘gold’ (but of light and colour, not of the metal) in Laurelin; the Sindarin forms in Glóredhel, Glorfindel, Loeg Ningloron, Lórindol, Rathlóriel.
lhach ‘leaping flame’ in Dagor Bragollach, and probably in Anglachel (the sword made by Eöl of meteoritic iron).
lin (1) ‘pool, mere’ in Linaewen (which contains aew (Quenya aiwë) ‘small bird’), Teiglin; cf. aelin.
lin- (2) This root, meaning ‘sing, make a musical sound’, occurs in Ainulindalë, Laurelin, Lindar, Lindon, Ered Lindon, lómelindi.
lith ‘ash’ in Anfauglith, Dor-nu-Fauglith; also in Ered Lithui, the Ashen Mountains, forming the northern border of Mordor, and Lithlad ‘Plain of Ashes’ at the feet of Ered Lithui.
lok- ‘bend, loop’ in Urulóki (Quenya (h)lókë ‘snake, serpent’, Sindarin lhûg).
lóm ‘echo’ in Dor-lómin, Ered Lómin; related are Lammoth, Lanthir Lamath.
lómë ‘dusk’ in Lómion, lómelindi; see dú.
londë ‘land-locked haven’ in Alqualondë; the Sindarin form lond (lonn) in Mithlond.
los ‘snow’ in Oiolossë (Quenya oio ‘ever’ and lossë ‘snow, snow-white’); Sindarin loss in Amon Uilos and Aeglos.
loth ‘flower’ in Lothlórien, Nimloth; Quenya lótë in Ninquelótë, Vingilótë.
luin ‘blue’ in Ered Luin, Helluin, Luinil, Mindolluin.
maeg ‘sharp, piercing’ (Quenya maika) in Maeglin.
mal- ‘gold’ in Malduin, Malinalda; also in mallorn, and in the Field of Cormallen, which means ‘golden circle’ and was named from the culumalda trees that grew there (see cul-).
man- ‘good, blessed, unmarred’ in Aman, Manwë; derivatives of Aman in Amandil, Araman,Úmanyar.
mel- ‘love’ in Melian (from Melyanna ‘dear gift’); this stem is seen