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ring ‘cold, chill’ in Ringil, Ringwil, Himring; also in the river Ringló in Gondor, and in Ringarë, Quenya name of the last month of the year (The Lord of the Rings Appendix D).

ris ‘cleave’ appears to have blended with the stem kris- of similar meaning (a derivative of the root kir- ‘cleave, cut’, q.v.); hence Angrist (also Orcrist ‘Orc-cleaver’, the sword of Thorin Oakenshield), Crissaegrim, Imladris.

roch ‘horse’ (Quenya rokko)in Rochallor, Rohan (from Rochand ‘land of horses’), Rohirrim; also in Roheryn ‘horse of the lady’ (cf. heru), Aragorn’s horse, which was so called because given to him by Arwen (The Return of the King V 2).

rom- A stem used of the sound of trumpets and horns which appears in Oromë and Valaróma; cf. Béma, the name of this Vala in the language of Rohan as translated into Anglo-Saxon in The Lord of the Rings Appendix A (II): Anglo-Saxon beme ‘trumpet’.

rómen ‘uprising, sunrise, east’ (Quenya) in Rómenna. The Sindarin words for ‘east’, rhûn (in Talath Rhúnen) and amrûn, were of the same origin.

rond meant a vaulted or arched roof, or a large hall or chamber so roofed; so Nargothrond (see ost), Hadhodrond, Aglarond. It could be applied to the heavens, hence the name Elrond ‘star-dome’.

ros ‘foam, spindrift, spray’ in Celebros, Elros, Rauros; also in Cair Andros, an island in the river Anduin.

ruin ‘red flame’ (Quenya rúnya) in Orodruin.

rûth ‘anger’ in Aranrúth.

sarn ‘(small) stone’ in Sarn Athrad (Sarn Ford on the Brandywine is a half-translation of this); also in Sarn Gebir (‘stone-spikes’: ceber, plural cebir ‘stakes’), rapids in the river Anduin. A derivative is Serni, a river in Gondor.

sereg ‘blood’ (Quenya serkë) in seregon.

sil- (and variant thil-) ‘shine (with white or silver light)’ in Belthil, Galathilion, Silpion, and in Quenya Isil, Sindarin Ithil, the Moon (whence Isildur, Narsil; Minas Ithil, Ithilien). The Quenya word Silmarilli is said to derive from the name silima that Fëanor gave to the substance from which they were made.

sîr ‘river’, from root sir- ‘flow’, in Ossiriand (the first element is from the stem of the numeral ‘seven’, Quenya otso, Sindarin odo), Sirion; also in Sirannon (the ‘Gate-stream’ of Moria) and Sirith (‘a flowing’, as tirith ‘watching’ from tir), a river in Gondor. With change of s to h in the middle of words it is present in Minhiriath ‘between the rivers’, the region between the Brandywine and the Greyflood; in Nanduhirion ‘vale of dim streams’, the Dimrill Dale (see nan(d) and dú); and in Ethir Anduin, the outflow or delta of Anduin (from et-sîr).

sûl ‘wind’ in Amon Sûl, Súlimo; cf. Súlimë, Quenya name of the third month of the year (The Lord of the Rings Appendix D).

tal (dal) ‘foot’ in Celebrindal, and with the meaning ‘end’ in Ramdal.

talath ‘flat lands, plain’ in Talath Dirnen, Talath Rhúnen.

tar- ‘high’ (Quenya tára ‘lofty’), prefix of the Quenya names of the Númenórean Kings; also in Annatar. Feminine tári ‘she that is high, Queen’ in Elentári, Kementári. Cf. tarma ‘pillar’ in Meneltarma.

tathar ‘willow’; adjective tathren in Nan-tathren; Quenya tasarë in Tasarinan, Nan-tasarion (see Nan-tathren in the Index).

taur ‘wood, forest’ (Quenya taurë) in Tauron, Taur-im-Duinath, Taur-nu-Fuin.

tel- ‘finish, end, be last’ in Teleri.

thalion ‘strong, dauntless’ in Cúthalion, Thalion.

thang ‘oppression’ in Thangorodrim, also in Durthang (a castle in Mordor). Quenya sanga meant ‘press, throng’, whence Sangahyando ‘Throng-cleaver’, name of a man in Gondor (The Lord of the Rings Appendix A (I, iv)).

thar- ‘athwart, across’ in Sarn Athrad, Thargelion; also in Tharbad (from thara-pata ‘crossway’) where the ancient road from Arnor and Gondor crossed the Greyflood.

thaur ‘abominable, abhorrent’ in Sauron (from Thauron), Gorthaur.

thin(d) ‘grey’ in Thingol; Quenya sinda in Sindar, Singollo (Sindacollo: collo ‘cloak’).

thôl ‘helm’ in Dor Cúarthol, Gorthol.

thôn ‘pine-tree’ in Dorthonion.

thoron ‘eagle’ in Thorondor (Quenya Sorontar), CirithThoronath. The Quenya