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metals for the purposes of money may with truth be considered as one of the most important steps toward the improvement of commerce and the arts of civilized life; but it is no less true, that, with the advancement of knowledge and science, we discover that it would be another improvement to banish them again from the employment to which, during a less enlightened period, they had been so advantageously applied" (Works, 2d ed. [London, 1852], p. 404). Thus the real appearance of Ricardo's "metallistic indignation."

[21] Wieser, Über die Messung der Veränderungen des Geldwerts, p. 542.

[22] Wieser, "Theorie der gesellschaftlichen Wirtschaft," Grundriss der Sozialökonomik (Tübingen, 1924), p. 316.

[23] See the passages quoted on pp. 106 f. above.

[24] See Knapp, Staatliche Theorie, 1st ed., pp. 5, 7.

[25] See Zuckerkandl, Zur Theorie des Preises mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der geschichtlichen Entwicklung der Lehre (Leipzig, 1899), pp. 98, 115 f.

[26] See Hermann, Staatswirtschaftliche Untersuchungen, 2d ed. (Munich, 1870), p. 444; Knies, Das Geld, 2d ed. (Berlin, 1885), p. 324.

[27] Knapp, Staatliche Theorie, p. 5.

[28] Bendixen, op. cit., p. 134.

[29] See Wieser, "Theorie der gesellschaftlichen Wirtschaft," p. 317.

[30] [Of which the present work is a translation. H.E.B.]

[31] Philippovich, Grundriss (Tübingen, 1916), p. 275.

[32] Ibid.

[33] See esp. Knapp, Schriften des Vereins für Sozialpolitik, vol. 132, pp. 560 ff.

[34] Knapp, Geldtheorie, staatliche in H. d. S., 3d ed.

[35] Philippovich, op. cit.

[36] Ibid., pp. 272 ff.

[37] Lansburgh, Kriegskostendeckung (Berlin, 1915), pp. 52 ff.

[38] Bortkiewicz, Frage der Reform, A. s. P. G., vol. 6, p. 98.

[39] See pp. 343 ff. above.

Appendix B. Translator’s Note on the Translation of Certain Technical Terms

It is never possible to be certain that the full significance of a technical term has been brought out in a translation. A short list of the original German terms for the kinds of money and money substitutes mentioned in the present work, and of the English expressions which have been used to translate them, is therefore appended.

The word Umlaufsmittel presented a peculiarly difficult problem. There is no established English equivalent for the sense in which Professor Mises uses the term. "Circulating medium," the literal translation, is clearly inappropriate, for it suggests associations with currency which are quite foreign to Professor Mises' meaning. "Bank money" is inadequate, for Umlaufsmittel includes, not merely bank deposits, but also money substitutes issued by the state (such as token money). "Credit instrument," which at first sight might appear satisfactory, is inconsistent with Professor Mises' insistence on the difference between Umlaufsmitteln and bills of exchange; and, furthermore, Professor Mises explicitly argues that the issue of Umlaufsmitteln is not a credit transaction in the more fundamental sense. For want of a better equivalent, therefore, the expression "fiduciary medium" has been adopted. It accords with Professor Mises' definition of Umlaufsmitteln as money substitutes not covered by money, and it evokes associations with the controversies about the Peel Act of 1844 that are in harmony with Professor Mises' attitude. It also draws attention to Professor Mises' emphasis upon the similarity between uncovered bank deposits and uncovered notes.

The following equivalents for other technical terms have also been adopted:

Money in the broader sense (Geld im weiteren Sinne)

Money in the narrower sense (Geld im engeren Sinne)

Money substitute (Geldsurrogat)

Commodity money (Sachgeld)

Credit money (Kreditgeld)

Fiat money (Zeichengeld)

Token money (Scheidemünzen)

Money certificate (Geldzertifikat)

Commodity credit (Sachkredit)

Circulation credit (Zirkulationskredit)

The following diagram shows the relationships between some of these terms in Professor Mises' system:

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