The Three Christs of Ypsilanti - Milton Rokeach [156]
[1]For discussions of several cases of amnesia and their psychodynamic origins, see M. Abeles and P. Schilder: “Psychogenic Loss of Personal Identity,” Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, Vol. 34 (1935), pp. 587–604; E. R. Geleerd, F. J. Hacker, and D. Rapaport: “Contributions to the Study of Amnesia and Allied Conditions,” Psychoanalytical Quarterly, Vol. 14 (1945), pp. 199–220. For the two most famous cases of multiple personality, see M. Prince: The Dissociation of a Personality. (New York: Longmans, Green; 1908); and C. H. Thigpen, and H. M. Cleckly: The Three Faces of Eve (New York: McGraw-Hill; 1957).
[2] R. W. White: The Abnormal Personality (New York: Ronald Press; 1948), p. 299.
[3] See particularly the works of Sylvano Arieti; also: T. Freeman, J. L. Cameron, and A. McGhie: Chronic Schizophrenia (New York: International Universities Press; 1958); R. D. Laing: The Divided Self (Chicago: Quadrangle Books; 1960).
[4] Paul Federn: Ego Psychology and the Psychoses (New York: Basic Books, 1952).
[5] Laing: op. cit., p. 163.
[6] Erikson: op. cit. See also his Childhood and Society (New York: Norton; 1950).
[7] Erikson’s eight phases of identity and crises of identity are as follows: I. Infancy: trust vs. mistrust; II. Early childhood: autonomy vs. shame, doubt; III. Play age: initiative vs. guilt; IV. School age: industry vs. inferiority; V. Adolescence: identity vs. identity diffusion; VI. Young adult: intimacy vs. isolation; VII. Adulthood: generativity vs. self-absorption; VIII. Mature age: integrity vs. disgust, despair.
Since it is beyond the scope of this work to consider these phases more fully, the reader interested in a further elaboration is referred to Erikson’s writings.
[8] Lynd: op. cit.; Edith Weigert: “The Subjective Experience of Identity and Its Psychopathology,” Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol. I (1960), pp. 18–25; Federn: op. cit.; C. Rogers: On Becoming a Person (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin; 1961); R. May, E. Angel, and H. F. Ellenberger (Eds.): Existence (New York: Basic Books; 1958); E. Fromm: The Sane Society (New York: Rinehart; 1955); A. H. Maslow: Motivation and Personality (New York: Harper; 1954); G. W. Allport: Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality (New Haven: Yale University Press; 1955).
[9] Edith Weigert: op. cit., p. 23.
[10] A. Wheelis: The Quest for Identity (New York: Norton; 1958), p. 19.
[11] Lynd: op. cit., p. 69.
[12] Bertrand Russell: Power: A New Social Analysis (London: Allen and Unwin; 1938).
[13] Lindner: op. cit., p. 193.
[14] Anna Freud: The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (New York: International Universities Press; 1946), p. 85.
[15] Rokeach: op. cit., pp. 400–1.
[16] From a poem by a schizophrenic patient presented in M. L. Hayward and J. E. Taylor: “A Schizophrenic Patient Describes the Action of Intensive Psychotherapy,” Psychiatry Quarterly. Vol. XXX (1956), pp. 211–48; 241–2.
[17] Erikson: Identity and the Life Cycle, p. 134.
[18] Sigmund Freud: “Psychoanalytic Notes Upon an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia,” Collected Papers, Vol. III (New York: Basic Books, 1959).
[19] Op. cit.
[20] The reader should be reminded again that Joseph and Josephine are pseudonyms. Nevertheless, these names have been selected to convey a significant fact in the early life of the man we have here called Joseph Cassel.
[21] The discussion which follows owes much to Helen Merrell Lynd’s and Erik Erikson’s stimulating analyses of the difference between shame and guilt (op. cit.). In brief, shame is a feeling which arises following an experience of incompetence; and guilt, following an act of wrongdoing. The discussion also leans heavily on White’s pioneering explication of the concepts of competence and incompetence. See R. W. White: “Motivation Reconsidered: The Concept of Competence,” Psychological Review, Vol. 66 (1959), pp. 297-333; and also, “Competence and the Psychosexual Stages of Development,” Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1960).
[22] Cameron: op. cit., pp.