The Two-Income Trap - Elizabeth Warren [112]
8 See Stephens, “Worker Displacement and the Added Worker Effect.”
9 Shannon Brownlee, Matthew Miller, Susannah Fox, Amy Saltzman, Brendan I. Koerner, and Jason Vest, “Lies Parents Tell Themselves About Why They Work,” U.S. News & World Report, May 12, 1997.
10 William R. Johnson and Jonathan Skinner, “Accounting for Changes in the Labor Supply of Recently Divorced Women,” Journal of Human Resources 23 (Fall 1988): 417-436; U.S. Census Bureau, Table F-7, Type of Family (All Races) by Median and Mean Income, 1947 to 2001. Available at http://landview.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/f07.html [1/10/2003].
11 Robyn Stone, Gail Lee Cafferata, and Judith Sangl, “Caregivers of the Frail Elderly: A National Profile,” Gerontologist 27 (October 1987): 616-626.
12 Sociologists have documented immediate adjustments families make during a period of unemployment, noting that families often reduce their food expenses or postpone major household purchases. See Rand D. Conger and Glen H. Elder Jr., Families in Troubled Times: Adapting to Change in Rural America (New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 1994). See also Yeung and Hofferth, “Family Adaptations to Income and Job Loss,” pp. 269-276.
13 Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), pp. 206-207 (emphasis omitted).
14 This is the title of a book edited by renowned conservative Phyllis Schlafly: Who Will Rock the Cradle? The Battle for Control of Child Care in America (Nashville, TN: W Publishing Group, 1990).
15 IRAs and 401(k) plans, which allow workers to set aside pretax earnings for retirement, are the best-known examples. In addition, employer-sponsored Flexible Spending Accounts enable workers to put pretax dollars aside for qualified medical expenses. The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 grants federal tax exemption on earnings from state education saving plans when the money is used to pay for qualified higher education expenses.
16 “Saving the Wealthy,” Baltimore Sun, February 7, 2003.
17 SMR Research Corporation, The New Bankruptcy Epidemic: Forecasts, Causes, and Risk Control (Hackettstown, NJ, 2001), 94.
Chapter 4
1 147 Cong. Rec. S1934 (2001) (statement of Sen. Hatch). Available at www.senate.gov/~hatch, “Statements,” April 15, 1999.
2 147 Cong. Rec. S1934 (2001) (statement of Sen. Hatch).
3 Henry J. Hyde, News Advisory, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary (March 10, 1999). Available at http://www.house.gov/judiciary/031099a.htm [3/14/2003].
4 “Administration of the Bankruptcy Act,” Report of the Fifty-third Annual Meeting of the American Bar Association Held at Chicago, Illinois, August 20, 21, and 22, 1930 (statement of Hon. Thomas D. Thacher, Solicitor General of the United States), p. 255. In the 1930s, Yale University researchers teamed up with the Department of Commerce to study the rise in personal bankruptcies. Their conclusion? The stigma associated with bankruptcy “has been gradually diminishing.” Victor Sadd and Robert T. Williams, Causes of Bankruptcies Among Consumers (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1933), p. 5.
5 Cotton Mather, Fair Dealing Between Debtor and Creditor (Boston: 1716): “People there are, too many, who do bring Debts upon themselves, in such a manner, and in such a measure, that a Folly nothing short of Criminal, is to be charged upon them. And when they have brought such Debts upon themselves, their Delay to get from under them, is what also amounts unto a Crime, for which they are to be Indicted, as not having the Fear of God before their Eyes.”
6 Thorough histories of the early republic, such as Bruce Mann’s A Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of American Independence (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), are replete with stories of the battles between debtors and creditors, and the canny ways in which each side tried to outmaneuver the other.
7 In one paper, the authors claim that stigma could be measured on a