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Necessaries, distinguished from luxuries, 465. Operation of taxes on, 466. Principal necessaries taxed, 468.

Negro slaves, why not much employed in raising corn in the English colonies, 489. Why more numerous on sugar, than on tobacco plantations, ib.

Nile, river, the cause of the early improvement of agriculture and manufactures in Egypt, 124.

Oats, bread made of, not so suitable to the human constitution, as that made of wheat, 265.

Œconomists, sect of, in France, their political tenets, 247–75.

Ontology, the science of, explained, 359.

Oxford, the professorships there, sinecures, 350.

Paper-money, the credit of, how established, 389. The operation of paper-money explained, 389–90. Its effect on the circulation of cash, ib. Promotes industry, 391. Operation of the several banking companies established in Scotland, 393. Can never exceed the value of the gold and silver, of which it supplies the place, in any country, 397. Consequences of too much paper being issued, 398. The practice of drawing and redrawing explained, with its pernicious effects, 406. The advantages and disadvantages of paper credit stated, 419. Ill effects of notes issued for small sums, 421–2. Suppressing small notes, renders money more plentiful, 422. The currency of, does not affect the prices of goods, 424. Account of the paper currency in North America, 426–7.

Paper-money, expedient of the government of Pennsylvania to raise money, 427, 410. Why convenient for the domestic purposes of the North Americans, 546.

Paris, enjoys little more trade than is necessary for the consumption of its inhabitants, 436.

Parish ministers, evils attending vesting the election of, in the people, 398.

Parsimony is the immediate cause of the increase of capitals, 437. Promotes industry, 438. Frugal men public benefactors, 441. Is the only means by which artificers and manufacturers can add to the revenue and wealth of society, according to the French agricultural system of political œconomy, 253.

Pasture land, under what circumstances more profitable than arable land, 253–4. Why it ought to be enclosed, 254.

Patronage, the right of, why established in Scotland, 399. Pay, military, origin and reason of, 282. Pennsylvania, account of the paper currency there, 427, 410, 542.

People, how divided into productive and unproductive classes, according to the present French system of agricultural political œconomy, 249. The unproductive class, greatly useful to the others,

254. The great body of, how rendered unwarlike, 283. The different opportunities of education in the different ranks of, 371. The inferior ranks of, the greatest consumers, 482. The luxurious expenses of these ranks ought only to be taxed, 483–4.

Persecution for religious opinions, the true cause of, 375–6. Peru, the discovery of the silver mines in, occasioned those in Europe to be in a great measure abandoned,

273. These mines yield but small profit to the proprietors, 274. Tax paid to the king of Spain from these mines, 306. The early accounts of the splendour and state of arts in this country, greatly exaggerated, 307–8. Present state of, under the Spanish government, ib. The working of the mines there become gradually more expensive, 319. Low state of arts there when first discovered, 148. Is probably more populous now, than at any former period, 149.

Philosophy natural, the origin and objects of, 356. Moral, the nature of, explained, 357. Logic, the origin and employment of, 358.

Physicians, why amply rewarded for their labour, 207.

Physics, the ancient system of, explained, 358.

Pinmaking, the extraordinary advantage of a division of labour in this art, 109.

Plate of private families, the melting it down to supply state exigencies, an insignificant resource, 18. New plate is chiefly made from old, 129.

Ploughmen, their knowledge more extensive than the generality of mechanics, 231.

Pneumatics, the science of, explained, 358. Poivre, M., his account of the agriculture of Cochin China, 261.

Poland, a country still