Theodore Rex - Edmund Morris [364]
20 Root was guilty Taft to Root, 8 Apr. 1902, in Jessup, Elihu Root, vol. 1, 340; John R. M. Taylor, ed., The Philippine Insurrection Against the United States: A Compilation of Documents (Pasay, Philippines, 1971–1973), 294–95; Literary Digest, 26 Apr. 1902.
21 This measure Jessup, Elihu Root, vol. 1, 240–60; William H. Carter, “Creation of the Army General Staff,” 68 Cong., 1 sess., 1923, S. Doc. 119. For a review of Root’s service as Secretary of War, see Leopold, Elihu Root, 38–46.
22 It sought to James B. Martin, “Irresistible Force”; Jessup, Elihu Root, 251; Report of the Secretary of War (Washington, D.C., 1902), 46–48. For an extended discussion of these changes, see Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the Statesman: Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge, Mass., 1957). See also John A. Matzko, “President Theodore Roosevelt and Army Reform,” Proceedings of the South Carolina History Association, 1973.
23 Miles reminded the Washington Evening Star, 19 Apr. 1902; Washington Times, 21 Apr. 1902.
24 Senator Joseph Hawley The Washington Post, 25 (qu. Watterson) and 26 Feb. 1902.
25 Root’s expressionless Cleveland Plain Dealer, 30 Apr. 1902.
26 Roosevelt was struggling TR, Letters, vol. 3, 247–48, 271; Hale, Bull Moose Trails, 11–13; John C. Shaffer to TR, in Frederick S. Wood, Roosevelt As We Knew Him: The Personal Recollections of One Hundred and Fifty of His Friends and Associates (Philadelphia, 1927), 132–33.
27 Perhaps, after all Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation,” 258, erroneously states that Miles was sent to the Philippines “in the spring of 1902.” TR did not authorize a visit until much later, when it suited his political convenience to have Miles out of the United States.
28 “It is getting” TR, Letters, vol. 3, 248.
Chronological Note: TR visited Charleston, S.C., between 7 and 10 Apr. 1902. For accounts, see Rhodes, McKinley and Roosevelt, 231–32, and Wister, Roosevelt, 96ff. The trip was aimed at undoing some of the damage done to his Southern reputation by the Booker T. Washington dinner. Another purpose was to reconnoiter the extraordinarily complicated South Carolina patronage situation. From now until 1904, the state tested TR’s skill in negotiating the political tightropes among Conservative, Bryan, Commercial, and Gold Democrats, not to mention Black-and-Tan (Booker T. Washington) and Lily White (Mark Hanna) Republicans. For a lucid discussion, see Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., “Theodore Roosevelt and Southern Republicans: The Case of South Carolina, 1901–04,” South Carolina History Magazine 70.4 (1969).
29 LODGE’S COMMITTEE For extensive quotations, see Literary Digest, 26 Apr. 1902. 100 “Had you any” Major Littleton W. T. Walker court-martial, Manila, 8 Apr. 1902, transcript in NA.
30 Waller also quoted Ibid. For an account of the Waller case, see Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation,” 219–32.
31 “A man is thrown” 57 Cong., 1 sess., 1902 S. Doc. 331, vol. 25, no. 33, pt. 1, 1767. See Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation,” 213, on “this very mild form of torture,” from which, apparently, “very few died.”
32 Other reports spoke Alfonso, Theodore Roosevelt and the Philippines, 95; M. K. Sniffen to Carl Schurz, 22 May 1902 (CS).
33 Amid mounting cries 57 Cong., 1 sess., 1902, S. Doc. 331, pt. 2, 881–85. See, e.g., Literary Digest, 26 Apr. and 10 May 1902, and Robert W. McKee to Edward W. Carmack, 28 Apr. 1902: “A deep, half-sullen sense of mighty and most flagrant outrage against Americanism—[of] rape upon the holiest traditions of our land and its institutions” (EWC).
34 He met with Washington Evening Star, 14 Apr. 1902; The Washington Post, 15 Apr. 1902.
35 THE PRESIDENT DESIRES Full text: 57 Cong., 1st sess., 1902, S. Doc. 24, pt. 1, 1548–49. See also Jessup, Elihu Root, vol. 1, 342–43.
36 Roosevelt also ordered TR, Letters, vol. 3, 259; memorandum of the Secretary