Theodore Rex - Edmund Morris [368]
24 Storming on Congressional Record, 57 Cong., sess. 1, 1902, vol. 35, pt. 6, 6275.
25 As soon as Ibid., 6280.
26 WHEN SENATORS RECONVENED Washington Evening Star, 5 June 1902; DuVal, Cadiz to Cathay, 165; McCullough, Path Between the Seas, 319–22. The volcanic map was provided courtesy of Philippe Bunau-Varilla.
27 Hanna entered to Thomas Beer, Hanna, Crane, and the Mauve Decade (New York, 1941), 600; Congressional Record, 57 Cong., sess. 1, 1902, vol. 35, pt. 6, 6317ff. All quotations from Hanna’s speech come from the latter source.
28 The chamber settled Beer, Hanna. For the “facts and conditions” behind Hanna’s conversion, see Miner, Fight for the Panama Route, 102–4.
29 For the next The Washington Post, 6 June 1902; Congressional Record, 57 Cong., sess. 1, 1902, vol. 35, pt. 6, 6317–21.
30 “Oh, do make” Beer, Hanna, 600.
31 Polls in smoke-filled The conspiracy theory was dampened by another rumor that Hanna was the agent of James J. Hill and the transcontinental railroads. He was actually conducting a filibuster, in order to have no canal at all. New York Journal, 17 June 1902.
32 HANNA RESUMED HIS Congressional Record, 57 Cong., sess. 1, 1902, vol. 35, pt. 7, 6380; Philippe Bunau-Varilla, Panama: The Creation, Destruction, and Resurrection (London, 1933), 242; Congressional Record, 57 Cong., sess. 1, 1902, vol. 35, pt. 7, 6381. Managua is here a correction for Hanna’s misspoken Nicaragua.
33 For another hour Congressional Record, 57 Cong., sess. 1, 1902, vol. 35, pt. 7, 6377–87; Washington Evening Star, 6 June 1902; Bunau-Varilla, Panama, 248. The best account of the legislative and diplomatic struggle for the Panama Canal is in DuVal, Cadiz to Cathay.
34 AS LONG AS Beer, Hanna, 602. The senators were Matthew Quay of Pennsylvania and Thomas Platt of New York.
35 MEANWHILE, HIS CUBAN Guggenheim, United States and Cuba, 101–6; Healy, United States in Cuba, 196–200; TR, Letters, vol. 3, 288. For a detailed discussion of the reciprocity issue, see United States Tariff Commission, The Effects of the Cuban Reciprocity Treaty of 1902, miscellaneous series, no. 22 (Washington, D.C., 1929).
36 Common sense TR, Letters, vol. 3, 228, 265–66; U.S. Tariff Commission, Effects. For evidence of TR’s strong feelings on reciprocity, see his passionate reworkings of Spooner Amendment drafts in TRP.
37 On 13 June Tomas Palma to TR, 12 Sept. 1902 (TRP). The text of TR’s Special Message is in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents (Washington, D.C., 1911), vol. 15, 6682–84. See also Robert Freeman Smith, “Cuba: Laboratory for Dollar Diplomacy, 1898–1917,” The Historian 28.4 (Aug. 1966).
38 “Cuba is a young” Washington Evening Star, 13 June 1902.
39 Some senators detected The Atlanta Constitution, 14 June 1902; Stephenson, Nelson W. Aldrich, 187; Leonard Wood to Elihu Root, 9 Apr. 1902 (ER); World’s Work, June 1902. Embarrassingly for TR, the Message was preceded by a press revelation that Leonard Wood had used government funds for reciprocity propaganda.
40 “My dear Mr. Cannon” TR, Letters, vol. 3, 272–73.
41 Representative Joseph Blair Bolles, Tyrant from Illinois: Uncle Joe Cannon’s Experiment with Personal Power (New York, 1951), 118–19, 211, 40. TR had spoken out on the subject of reclamation as early as Nov. 1900, at the National Irrigation Congress. D. Jerome Tweton, “Theodore Roosevelt and the Arid Lands,” North Dakota Quarterly 36.2 (1968).
42 For a quarter Lacey, “Mysteries of Earth-Making,” 372; Roy M. Robbins, Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain, 1776–1936 (Princeton, N.J., 1942), 325–29.
43 Roosevelt expressed TR, Letters, vol. 3, 277. Actually, Newlands and other lawmakers representing both Eastern and Western interests had been working on sketches for the Reclamation Act since 1900. But TR managed, with considerable skill, to merge the best features of all these proposals into a bill that overcame powerful Republican