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(CLR), to improve communications when using the TP. The purposes of the CLR are to check your logic in constructing your own diagrams and to check the logic of another person’s diagrams. They provide a precise methodology for pinpointing errors in your or another person’s thinking. The CLR relate to entities or statements in a logic diagram. Three levels of categories of reservations exist. Each level probes deeper into investigating the logic structure. Many of these concepts are difficult to understand at first, but with a little practice, they become second nature. We provide the three levels and seven categories of reservations with examples in Fig. 25-B1. We will revisit these reservations again in this chapter as we present and illustrate each tool. Read each example provided in Fig. 25-B1.

Level 1 Reservation (Clarity)

Clarity is used to develop a better understanding of an entity (a logical statement), the causality between two entities, or an area of the diagram. In studying a diagram and encountering any problem, the clarity reservation is used. It is always the first reservation used. You are asking the presenter to clarify so you can understand better (the cause entity, the effect entity, the causality connecting the two, an area of the diagram, and so on). For example, in Fig. 25-B1, the reviewer may not understand an entity such as 10 or 20, or she may not understand the causal linkage between 20 and 10, or she may not understand a whole segment of the diagram such as 20, 30, and 10. The reviewer would ask for clarity. If the presenter’s explanation is unsatisfactory, then the reviewer should use one of the Level 2 reservations to pinpoint the misunderstanding.

Level 2 Reservations (Entity Existence and Causality Existence)

The entity existence and causality existence reservations are used to determine if the entity or statement itself exists or if the causality relationship exists. Examples are provided in Fig. 25-B2.

Entity existence reservation is challenging the existence in reality of either the cause entity or the effect entity. For example, entity 25 is an incomplete sentence. In that state, it is difficult to determine if the entity exists at all. In addition, the reviewer could challenge whether an entity exists in the current environment—entity existence reservation for entity 10. The reviewer does not think that entity 10 “Competition is fierce for our product” exists. She offers as evidence that our company has higher quality and lower prices than competitors do.

FIGURE 25-B1 Level 1 Reservation (Clarity).

Causality existence reservation is challenging whether causality exists between the two entities. It is challenging the causal arrow—Does the cause entity really cause the effect entity? The example in Fig. 25-B3 provides a situation where the reviewer does not believe that entity 10 “Competition is fierce for our product” is the cause of entity 25 “Our firm is experiencing low profits.”

If the presenter’s explanation is unsatisfactory in showing the existence, then the reviewer should use the Level 3 reservations to pinpoint the misunderstanding. At Level 3, the reviewer must be ready to challenge the logical relationship using a specific reservation.

Level 3 Reservations (Additional Cause Reservation, Cause Insufficiency Reservation, House on Fire Reservation, and Predicted Effect Existence Reservation)

Level 3 challenges should only be used after applying the previous two levels.

The additional cause reservation is used to challenge that the presenter has captured the major causes of the effect entity. It is begging the question that there is at least another cause that creates at least as much damage as the current cause entity. A “magnitudinal and” connector is utilized to satisfy this reservation. Each cause entity independently contributes to the effect entity. If cause entity then effect entity. If (additional) cause entity then effect entity. This situation is indicated where two or more arrows enter an entity and have no “and” connector. Each cause independently