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(New York: Routledge, 1989); Ralph Houlbrooke, Death, Religion, and the Family in England, 1480–1750 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998); Ralph Houlbrooke, “The Puritan Death-Bed, c. 1560–c. 1600,” in C. Durston and J. Eales, eds., The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560–1700 (New York: St. Martin’s, 1996), pp. 122–44; M. C. Cross, “The Third Earl of Huntingdon’s Death-Bed: A Calvinist Example of the Arts Moriendi,” Northern History 21 (1985): 80–107; R. Wunderle and G. Broce, “The Final Moment Before Death in Early Modern England,” Sixteenth Century Journal 20 (1989): 259–75; David Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death: Ritual, Religion and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

9. Frances Comper, ed., The Book of the Craft of Dying and Other Early English Tracts Concerning Death (London, 1917); Nancy Lee Beaty, The Craft of Dying: A Study in the Literary Tradition of the Ars Moriendi in England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970); Jeremy Taylor, The Rule and Exercises of Holy Dying (London: R. Royston, 1651). At least eight editions of Holy Dying appeared in London in the first half of the nineteenth century; editions were printed in Boston in 1864 and 1865; in Philadelphia in 1835, 1859, 1869; New York, 1864. On conceptions of ars moriendi included in advice and conduct books, see Margaret Spufford, Small Books and Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and Its Readership in Seventeenth Century England (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1981), pp. 200–208. For an example of a sermon, see Eleazer Mather Porter Wells, Preparation for Death…Trinity Church, Boston (n.p., 1852). On popular health, see the many American editions of John Willison, The Afflicted Man’s Companion (Pittsburgh: Luke Loomis & Co., 1830), which was reprinted again by the American Tract Society of New York in 1851. So popular was Dickens’s serialized The Old Curiosity Shop that New Yorkers lined the quay for the arrival of the installment that would reveal Little Nell’s fate. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin was the best-selling American book of the nineteenth century. Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop (London, 1841); William Makepeace Thackeray, The Newcomes (London: Bradbury & Evans, 1844–45); Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Boston: John P. Jewett, 1851). See also the rendition of death in Samuel Richardson’s Clarissa, or, the History of a Young Lady (London: Published for S. Richardson, 1748).

10. William Corby, Memoirs of Chaplain Life (Notre Dame, Ind.: Scholastic Press, 1894), p. 184. Memorials to this moment are located at Notre Dame and on the field at Gettysburg. It has been estimated that Catholics constituted about 7 percent of Union armies. They would have been a far smaller percentage of Confederate soldiers. See Randall M. Miller, “Catholic Religion, Irish Ethnicity, and the Civil War,” in Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds., Religion and the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 261.

11. Bertram Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1951), p. 59; D. DeSola Pool, “The Diary of Chaplain Michael M. Allen, September 1861,” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 39 (September 1949): 177–82; L. J. Lederman, letter to parents of David Zehden upon his death, quoted in Mel Young, Where They Lie: The Story of the Jewish Soldiers… (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1991), p. 149; Rebecca Gratz, Letters of Rebecca Gratz, ed. Rabbi David Philipson (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1929), pp. 426–27. See From This World to the Next: Jewish Approaches to Illness, Death and the Afterlife (New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1999), and Jack Riemer, ed., Jewish Insights on Death and Mourning (New York: Schocken Books, 1995), pp. 309–53. On ecumenism see Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War, p. 59; Warren B. Armstrong, For Courageous Fighting and Confident Dying: Union Chaplains in the Civil War (Lawrence: University