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21. Howell Cobb to James A. Seddon, January 8, 1865, in War of the Rebellion, ser. 4, vol. 3, pp. 1009–10; Mary Greenhow Lee Diary, April 3, 1864, WFCHS.
22. Thomas R. Roulhac quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 566; Arkansas Gazette quoted in Gregory J. W. Urwin, “‘We Cannot Treat Negroes…as Prisoners of War’: Racial Atrocities and Reprisals in Civil War Arkansas,” Civil War History 42 (September 1996): 202–3; W. D. Rutherford to Sallie F. Rutherford, May 2, 1864, William D. Rutherford Papers, SCL; Urwin, “We Cannot Treat Negroes,” pp. 197, 203. Whether or not Fort Pillow was a massacre has been debated since the day after the event itself. Recent historical work has established persuasively that it was. See John Cimprich, Fort Pillow: A Civil War Massacre and Public Memory (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005); John Cimprich and Robert C. Mainfort Jr., “The Fort Pillow Massacre: A Statistical Note,” Journal of American History 76 (December 1989): 831–33; and Andrew Ward, River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War (New York: Viking, 2005). For casualty statistics, see Cimprich, Fort Pillow, app. B, pp. 130–31, and table 7, p. 129. See also the official federal investigation: U.S. Congress, House Report (serial 1206), “Fort Pillow Massacre,” 38th Cong., 1st sess., no. 63, 1864. On killing black soldiers, see also Gary W. Gallagher, ed., Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), pp. 462, 465, 487.
23. George Gautier, Harder Than Death: The Life of George Gautier, an Old Texan (Austin, Tex.: n.p., 1902), pp. 10–11.
24. John Edwards cited in Urwin, “‘We Cannot Treat Negroes,’” p. 205; Henry Bird to fiancée, August 4, 1864, Bird Family Papers, VHS, quoted in Chandra Miller Manning, “What This Cruel War Was Over: Why Union and Confederate Soldiers Thought They Were Fighting the Civil War,” Ph.D. diss. (Harvard University, 2002), p. 27.
25. Seddon quoted in John David Smith, “Let Us All Be Grateful That We Have Colored Troops That Will Fight,” in John David Smith, ed., Black Soldiers in Blue: African American Troops in the Civil War Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), p. 45. See Kirby Smith to Samuel Cooper, in War of the Rebellion, ser. 2, vol. 6, pp. 21–22.
26. William Marvel, Andersonville: The Last Depot (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), p. 155.
27. Christian Recorder, July 30, 1864, p. 121; April 30, 1864, p. 69; August 22, 1863, p. 133.
28. W. E. B. DuBois, Black Reconstruction in America (1935; rpt. New York: Atheneum, 1969), p. 110; Christian Recorder, August 1, 1863, p. 126; Letter from Henry Harmon, Christian Recorder, November 7, 1863, p. 177; Alice Fahs, The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of North and South, 1861–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), p. 175. See Andrew K. Black, “In the Service of the United States: Comparative Mortality Among African-American and White Troops in the Union Army,” Journal of Negro History 79, no. 4 (Autumn 1994): 317–27.
29. Christian Recorder, August 15, 1863, p. 131. On Cailloux, see “The Funeral of Captain Andre Cailloux,” Harper’s Weekly, August 29, 1863; “Funeral of a Negro Soldier”, Weekly Anglo-African (New York), August 15, 1863; James G. Hollandsworth Jr., Louisiana Native Guards: The Black Military Experience During the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995); Stephen J. Ochs, A Black Patriot and a White Priest: Andre Cailloux and Claude Paschal Maistre in Civil War New Orleans (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000).
30. “The Funeral of Captain Andre Cailloux,