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9. New York Times, October 20, 1862. See William A. Frassanito, Antietam: The Photographic Legacy of America’s Bloodiest Day (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1978); Franny Nudelman, John Brown’s Body: Slavery, Violence and the Culture of War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), pp. 103–31; and Alan Trachtenberg, Reading American Photographs: Images as History, Mathew Brady to Walker Evans (New York: Hill & Wang, 1989). Even as we acknowledge the impact of Civil War photography, it is important to recognize how few Americans would actually have seen Brady’s or other photographs of the dead. Newspapers and periodicals could not yet reproduce photographs but could publish only engravings derived from them, like the many Harper’s Weekly illustrations included in this book.
10. Maude Morrow Brown Manuscript, z/0907.000/S, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson, Miss.; on nineteenth-century science and the changed meaning of death, see Adam Phillips, Darwin’s Worms: On Life Stories and Death Stories (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
CHAPTER 1. DYING
1. Chesnut cited in James Shepherd Pike, The Prostrate State (New York: D. Appleton, 1874), pp. 74–75.
2. Letter to Mattie J. McGaw, May 5, 1863, McGaw Family Papers, SCL. For a consideration of the size of the Revolutionary army and its mortality, see Charles H. Lesser, The Sinews of Independence (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), pp. 84–86, and Howard H. Peckham, The Toll of Independence (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974). On the size of Civil War armies, see James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 306n.
3. Alonzo Abernethy, “Incidents of an Iowa Soldier’s Life, or Four Years in Dixie,” Annals of Iowa, 3rd ser. 12 (1920): 411; William A. Hammond, “Medical Care, Battle Wounds, and Disease,” online at www.civilwarhome.com/civilwarmedicine.htm; George Worthington Adams, Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War (New York: H. Schuman, 1952), pp. 222, 242, 125. On diarrhea and dysentery in the Confederate army, see Horace Cunningham, Doctors in Gray: The Confederate Medical Service (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1958), p. 185; Paul E. Steiner, Disease in the Civil War: Natural Biological Warfare in 1861–1865 (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1968), p. 14. Camp Sink quote in U.S. Sanitary Commission, Two Reports on the Condition of Military Hospitals (New York: W. C. Bryant, 1862), p. 6. See also Joseph Janner Woodward, Outlines of the Chief Camp Diseases of the United States Armies as Observed During the Present War (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1863); Robert E. Denney, Civil War Medicine: Care and Comfort of the Wounded (New York: Sterling, 1994); John W. Schildt, Antietam Hospitals (Chewsville, Md.: Antietam Publications, 1987); Frank R. Freemon, Gangrene and Glory: Medical Care During the American Civil War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998); James I. Robertson Jr., Soldiers Blue and Gray (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), pp. 145–69. See also Lisa Herschbach, “Fragmentation and Reunion: Medicine, Memory and Body in the American Civil War,” Ph.D. diss. (Harvard University, 1997).
4. The Sentinel: Selected for the Soldiers No. 319 (Petersburg, Va.: n.p., 1861), p. 1.
5. E. G. Abbott to Mother, February 8, 1862, Abbott Family, Civil War Letters, MS Am 800.26(5), Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
6. A. D. Kirwan, ed., Johnny Green of the Orphan Brigade: The Journal of a Confederate Soldier (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1956), p. 93.
7. John Weissert to Dearest wife and children, October 17, 1862, Box 1, Correspondence Sept.–Oct. 1862, John Weissert Papers, BHL.
8. Jeremy Taylor, The Rule and Exercises of Holy Dying (London: R. Royston, 1651); Jeremy Taylor, The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living (London: Francis Ash, 1650); Sister Mary Catherine O’Connor, The Art of Dying