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55. Confederated Southern Memorial Association, History, p. 92; Rubin, Shattered Nation, p. 236. See also Gaines M. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South, 1865–1913 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 36–46.
56. Abram J. Ryan, “Lines Respectfully Inscribed to the Ladies Memorial Association of Fredericksburg, Virginia,” December 31, 1866, VHS; Abram J. Ryan, “March of the Deathless Dead,” Poems: Patriotic, Religious (Baltimore: Baltimore Publishing Co., 1885), p. 39. See Robert K. Krick, Roster of the Confederate Dead in the Fredericksburg Confederate Cemetery (Fredericksburg, Va.: published by the author, 1974).
57. Mary J. Dogan to John S. Palmer, July 1, 1869; Dogan to Palmer, June 16, 1870; both in Louis P. Towle, ed., A World Turned Upside Down: The Palmers of South Santee, 1818–1881 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), pp. 628, 650.
58. Dogan to Palmer, June 16, 1870, February 25, 1871, ibid., p. 686.
59. Gregory A. Coco, A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg; The Aftermath of a Battle (Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, 1995), p. 136. On Confederate dead at Antietam and the 2,240 bodies reinterred in Washington Cemetery in Hagerstown, see Steven R. Stotelmyer, The Bivouacs of the Dead: The Story of Those Who Died at Antietam and South Mountain (Baltimore: Toomey Press, 1992), and Snell and Brown, Antietam National Battlefield and Cemetery. Confederate dead also remained in the North at the site of prisoner-of-war camps. See, for example, “Confederate Dead. Cemeteries. Elmira,” Confederate Dead Collection, ESBL.
60. Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, p. 134.
61. See Confederate Memorial Day at Charleston, S.C. Re-interment of the Carolina Dead from Gettysburg (Charleston, S.C.: William C. Maczyck, 1871); Mary H. Mitchell, Hollywood Cemetery: The History of a Southern Shrine (1985; rpt. Richmond: Library of Virginia, 1999), pp. 83–92. See also Correspondence Regarding Gettysburg Dead, 1872–1902, and Correspondence and Memoranda Regarding Weaver’s Claim, 1871–73, Hollywood Memorial Association Collection, ESBL.
62. Coco, Strange and Blighted Land, pp. 143–48; “Ghost of Gettysburg,” Atlanta Journal and Constitution, November 24, 1996, Dixie Living, p. 3.
63. See David Charles Sloane, The Last Great Necessity: Cemeteries in American History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).
CHAPTER 8. NUMBERING
1. Kate Campbell to Mattie McGaw, May 1, 1863, McGaw Family Papers, SCL.
2. Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 205. I. B. Cohen, The Triumph of Numbers: How Counting Shaped Modern Life (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005); Alain DeRosières, The Politics of Large Numbers: A History of Statistical Reasoning (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998).
3. Walt Whitman, Specimen Days, in Whitman, Complete Prose Works (New York: Appleton, 1910), pp. 114–15.
4. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Massachusetts in the Army and Navy During the War of 1861–65 (Boston: Wright & Potter, 1896), vol. 1, pp. viii, ix.
5. William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman (New York: Library of America, 1990), p. 607. For a brilliant consideration of Sherman and Civil War casualty figures generally, see James Dawes, “Counting on the Battlefield: Literature and Philosophy After the Civil War,” in The Language of War: Literature and Culture in the U.S. from the Civil War through World War II (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002), quote on p. 29. On McClellan see George B. McClellan, McClellan’s Own Story (New York: C. L. Webster & Co., 1887), and Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1988).
6. On Lee see William F. Fox, Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, 1861–1865 (Albany, N.Y.: Albany Publishing Company, 1889; rpt. 2002), p. 559. On Lee’s manipulation of casualty statistics after Gettysburg, see Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, Vol. 2: From Fredericksburg