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3. Susannah Hampton to Dear Sir, September 14, 1863, Philadelphia Agency, Hospital Directory Correspondence, vol. 2, box 597, U.S. Sanitary Commission Records, NYPL.
4. Melville quoted in Lee Rust Brown, “Introduction,” in Herman Melville, Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War: Civil War Poems (1866; rpt. New York: Da Capo Press, 1995), p. viii.
5. Lucy Rebecca Buck, Sad Earth, Sweet Heaven: The Diary of Lucy Rebecca Buck During the War Between the States (Birmingham, Ala.: Cornerstone, 1973), p. 50.
6. Frederick Douglass, “The Mission of the War,” in The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass (New York: International Publishers, 1950), vol. 3, p. 397.
7. E. B. Whitman, “Remarks on National Cemeteries,” in W. T. Sherman et al., The Army Reunion (Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co., 1869), p. 225; Herman Melville, “A Utilitarian View of the Monitor’s Fight,” in Battle-Pieces, p. 62.
8. Walt Whitman, “The Million Dead, Too, Summed Up,” Specimen Days (1882; rpt. Boston: David Godine, 1971), p. 59.
9. William McKinley, “Speech Before the Legislature in Joint Assembly at the State Capitol, Atlanta, Georgia, December 14, 1898,” Speeches and Addresses of William McKinley from March 1, 1897 to May 30, 1900 (New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1900), p. 159.
10. Douglass quoted in David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), p. 238; Ambrose Bierce, “To E. S. Salomon” [1903], in Bierce, Phantoms of a Blood-Stained Period: The Complete Civil War Writings of Ambrose Bierce, ed. Russell Duncan and David J. Klooster (Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002), p. 334.
11. Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Soldier’s Faith: An Address Delivered on Memorial Day, May 30, 1895, at a Meeting Called by the Graduating Class of Harvard University (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1895). Holmes had given an earlier version of this speech in Keene, New Hampshire, on Memorial Day 1884. See harvard regiment.org/memorial.htm.
Acknowledgments
The idea for this book grew out of my earlier work on women of the slaveholding South and crystallized as I recognized that their perceptions of the war were rooted in its terrible harvest of death. I have been engaged in this project for well over a decade, partly because I have undertaken other responsibilities alongside it, but partly because I found the subject so compelling and wanted to do it full justice. If I have in any way succeeded in this purpose, it is because of the many friends, colleagues, and even strangers who have helped. I want first to thank those who read and commented on the whole manuscript, saving me from errors and offering me invaluable perspective on larger conceptual questions: David Blight, Ann Braude, Gary Gallagher, Tony Horwitz, Jennifer Leaning, Stephanie McCurry, James McPherson, Luke Menand, Charles Rosenberg, and Jessica Rosenberg. Others read particular chapters in their areas of expertise, found library materials, guided me to and through manuscript collections, shared treasures encountered in their own research, worked as research assistants, aided in preparation of the manuscript, or contributed in countless other ways. I am deeply indebted to Michael Bernath, Homi Bhabha, Tracy Blanchard, Beth Brady, Gabor Boritt, Tom Coens, Lara Cohen, Gretchen Condran, John Coski, Yonatan Eyal, Henry Fulmer, Jesse Goldstine, James Green, Jenessa Hoffman, Kathryn Johnson, Andrew Kinney, James Kloppenberg, Jeremy Knowles, Lisa Laskin, Paul LeClerc, Millington Lockwood, Chandra Manning, Sandra Markham, Stewart Meyer, Reid Mitchell, Margot Minardi, Lien-Hang Nguyen, Charlie Ornstein, Amy Paradis, Katy Park, Michael Parrish, Charlene Peacock, Trevor Plante, Frances Pollard, George Rable, James Robertson Jr., Neil Rudenstine, Barbara Savage, Elana Harris Schanzer, Kay Shelemay, Theda Skocpol, Susan Stewart, Allen Stokes, Steven Stowe, Julie Tomback, Helen Vendler,