Unbroken_ A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption - Laura Hillenbrand [229]
9 Supplies drop, men gorge themselves: John Cook, email interview, October 30, 2004; John Fitzgerald, POW diary, Papers of John A. Fitzgerald, Operational Archives Branch, NHC, Washington, D.C.; Wade, p. 170; Wall, pp. 302, 304; Robert Rasmussen, “A Momentous Message of Hope,” National Aviation Museum Foundation Magazine, vol. 8, no. 1, Spring 1987; “Letters Recall End of Captivity,” Idaho Press-Tribune, undated article from Press-Tribune archives; Frank Tinker, telephone interview, February 20, 2005.
10 BOMBED HERE IN MAY 45: Wall, p. 302.
11 Louie sleeps in parachute: Louis Zamperini, interview by George Hodak, Hollywood, Calif., June 1988, AAFLA.
12 “ ’Tis about 6 p.m., and I’m lying here”: “Letters Recall End of Captivity,” Idaho Press-Tribune, undated article from Press-Tribune archives.
13 Kinney’s flyover: Byron Kinney, telephone interview, April 23, 2007; Louis Zamperini, telephone interview; Byron Kinney, A Mission of Mercy Touches Two Lives (Chicago: United Letter Service, 1995).
14 Harris taken to surrender ceremony: Whitcomb, p. 285.
15 Some 132,000 Allied POWs: Tanaka, p. 70; Brian MacArthur, Surviving the Sword: Prisoners of the Japanese in the Far East, 1942–45 (New York: Random House, 2005), p. xxvi.
16 Nearly 36,000 Allied POWs die: Tanaka, p. 70.
17 More than 37 percent versus 1 percent: Charles A. Stenger, PhD, telephone interview with author, October 17, 2009; Charles A. Stenger, PhD, American Prisoners of War in World War I, World War II, Korea, and Vietnam: Statistical Data, Veterans Administration Central Office, June 30, 1979, p. 20.
18 More than 215,000 other POWs: Tanaka, p. 2.
19 Death marches: Kerr, Surrender, p. 60.
20 Burma-Siam Railway: Children of Far East Prisoners of War, “SE Asia Under Japanese Occupation,” http://www.cofepow.org.uk/pages/asia_thailand1.html (accessed March 18, 2010).
21 Medical experiments: Tanaka, pp. 135–65; Gary K. Reynolds, U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan, Congressional Research Service, December 17, 2002, pp. 17–19.
22 Cannibalism: James, p. 259; Tanaka, pp. 111–34; “Claim Japs Practiced Cannibalism,” Hammond Times, September 16, 1945; “Jap Soldiers Eat Flesh of U.S. Prisoners, Australia Discloses,” Abilene Reporter-News, September 10, 1945.
23 Sandakan: Tanaka, pp. 11–43.
24 Tinian massacre: Eric Lash, “Historic Island of Tinian,” Environmental Services, October 2008, vol. 1, 2nd edition; Major General Donald Cook, “20th Air Force Today,” 20th Air Force Association Newsletter, Fall 1998.
25 Ballale: Peter Stone, Hostages to Freedom (Yarram, Australia: Oceans Enterprises, 2006).
26 Wake: Major Mark E. Hubbs, “Massacre on Wake Island,” Yorktown Sailor, http://www.yorktownsailor.com/yorktown/massacre.html (accessed October 18, 2009); Daws, p. 279.
27 Tarawa: Daws, p. 278.
28 Palawan: Sides, pp. 7–17; Kerr, Surrender, pp. 212–15; V. Dennis Wrynn, “American Prisoners of War: Massacre at Palawan,” World War II, November 1997.
29 POWs giving supplies to civilians, guards: Kerr, Surrender, p. 273.
30 Kono hides in office: Wade, p. 169.
31 Kono’s flight, capture, trial: Hiroaki Kono records from the NACP: Hiroaki Kono et al., 1946–1947, File Unit from RG 331: RAOOH, WWII, 1907–1966, SCAP, Legal Section, Manila Branch (1945–11/1949) Series: Orders and Summaries, compiled 1946–1947; Narumi Oota et al., 1945–1949, File Unit from RG 331: RAOOH, WWII, 1907–1966, SCAP, Legal Section, Prosecution Division (1945–1949) Series: USA Versus Japanese War Criminals Case File, compiled 1945–1949; Hiroaki Kono, 1948–1953, File Unit from RG 84: Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, 1788–ca. 1991, Department of State. U.S. Embassy, Japan. (04/28/1952–) (Most Recent) SCAP, Legal Section (10/02/1945–04/28/1952?) (Predecessor) Series: Japanese War Crimes Case Files, compiled 1946