Unthinkable_ Who Survives When Disaster Strikes - and Why - Amanda Ripley [130]
The questionnaire used in Morgan’s study was the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale. The three sample questions listed in this book are adapted from this questionnaire. For more on this evaluation tool, see J. D. Bremner et al., “Measurement of Dissociative States with the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS),” Journal of Traumatic Stress 11 (1998): 125–136.
For Morgan’s findings on dissociation in soldiers, see Charles A. Morgan III et al., “Symptoms of Dissociation in Humans Experiencing Acute, Uncontrollable Stress: A Prospective Investigation,” American Journal of Psychiatry.
As for the Vietnam veteran twins, for Mark Gilbertson’s study on the relative size of the brothers’ hippocampi, see Mark W. Gilbertson et al., “Smaller Hippocampal Volume Predicts Pathologic Vulnerability to Psychological Trauma,” Nature Neuroscience.
For Gilbertson’s analysis of the twins’ overall cognitive performance, see Mark W. Gilbertson et al., “Neurocognitive Function in Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Combat Exposure: Relationship to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 115, no. 3 (2006): 484–495.
The ratio of Vietnam vets who have suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder comes from R. A. Kulka et al., The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study: Tables of Findings and Technical Appendices (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1990).
CHAPTER 5: GROUPTHINK
The Beverly Hills Supper Club Fire
The details of the fire come from interviews with survivors, newspaper articles from the time, and the following additional sources: Ron Elliott, Inside the Beverly Hills Supper Club Fire, and Richard L. Best, “Tragedy in Kentucky,” Fire Journal.
Many thanks to Jane Prendergast, a Cincinnati-area reporter who helped connect me with Beverly Hills survivors and who also reported back to me about a thirtieth anniversary memorial service that I could not attend myself.
Milling
Lee Clarke’s quote on disaster cohorts comes from Lee Clarke, “Panic: Myth or Reality?” Contexts.
For information on milling before hurricanes, see Thomas E. Drabek, “Disaster Warning and Evacuation Responses by Private Business Employees,” Disasters.
The statistic on 9/11 milling comes from the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s final report into the collapse of the Trade Center.
Role Playing in Disasters
See Drue M. Johnston and Norris R. Johnson, “Role Extension in Disaster: Employee Behavior at the Beverly Hills Supper Club Fire,” Sociological Focus.
The Value of the Group
The miners’ study is a good example of how groups stick together during life-or-death situations: Charles Vaught et al., Behavioral and Organizational Dimensions of Underground Mine Fires (U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2000).
For more on monkey groups in Indonesia, see Carel P. van Schaik and Maria A. van Noordwijk, “Evolutionary Effect of the Absence of Felids on the Social Organization of the Macaques on the Island of Simeulue,” Folia Primatologica 44 (1985): 138–147.
The Richard Dawkins quote comes from his book, The Selfish Gene, 4.
For more on the concept of the selfish herd, see W. D. Hamilton, “Geometry for the Selfish Herd,” Journal of Theoretical Biology.
Fire Dynamics
On its website, the Kansas City Fire Department offers a helpful primer on how fire works: Emergency Services Consulting, “Deployment Analysis,” Kansas City Fire Department, www.kcmo.org/fire/deploymentanalysis.pdf.
The Need for Leadership
Ian’s quote about the need for leadership during a disaster comes from volume 3 of the report of the 7 July Review Committee into the London transit bombings.
The Cranfield study was conducted by Muir and Cobbett in 1996.
Group Resilience
The tale of Jantang and Langi comes from my interview of Lori Dengler as well as her article on the subject: Brian G. McAdoo, Lori Dengler, Gegar Prasetya, and Vasily Titov,