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The British Country House in the Eighteenth Century (2000), pp. 98–128; and Pamela Horn, Flunkeys and Scullions: Life Below Stairs in Georgian England (2004); Jean Hecht, The Domestic Servant Class in Eighteenth Century England (1956).

2. Phyllis Cunnington, The Costume of Household Servants, p. 49.

3. Hartcup, p. 17.

4. John Macdonald, Memoirs of an Eighteenth-Century Footman (1985), edited by Peter Quennell (original published 1790), afterwards cited as Macdonald.

5. Macdonald, p. xv.

6. Macdonald, p. ix.

7. Macdonald, p. 145.

8. Gillian Pugh, London’s Forgotten Children (2007).

9. Macdonald, p. 11.

10. Macdonald, p. 20.

11. Macdonald, p. 24.

12. Macdonald, pp. 26–7.

13. Information from James Knox and Mrs Dalrymple-Hamilton.

14. Macdonald, p. 27.

15. Macdonald, p. 31.

16. Macdonald, p. 33.

17. Macdonald, p. 38.

18. Macdonald, pp. 38–9.

19. Macdonald, p. 50.

20. Macdonald, p. 52.

21. Horn, Flunkeys, pp. 155–8.

22. Jonathan Swift, Directions to Servants (2003), first printed 1745, pp. 3–5.

23. Swift, p. viii.

24. Spectator, vol. II, Monday, 11 June 1711, p. 40.

25. Ralph Dutton, The English Country House (1935), p. 63.

26. Hecht, p. 57.

27. Horn, Flunkeys, pp. 16–19.

28. Horn, Flunkeys, p. 19; and E.S. Turner, What the Butler Saw (1962), pp. 289–90.

29. Horn, Rise and Fall, p. 6.

30. Horn, Flunkeys, p. 38; and Girouard, Life in the English Country House, pp. 139–140.

31. D. Mortlock, Aristocratic Splendour (2007), p. 193.

32. Christie, p. 117.

33. Hecht, pp. 40–1.

34. Christie, p. 117.

35. Hecht, pp. 40–1.

36. Horn, Flunkeys, pp. 17–19.

37. Hecht, pp. 42–3.

38. Christie, p. 117; and Duke of Norfolk estates, Arundel Castle, MS A93, wages lists for 1779 and 1781.

39. Hecht, pp. 42–3.

40. Horn, Flunkeys, pp. 147–8.

41. Mortlock, p. 197.

42. Turner, pp. 154–5.

43. Horn, Flunkeys, pp. 147–8.

44. Samuel and Sarah Adams, The Complete Servant (1825), p. 7.

45. Horn, Flunkeys, p. 153.

46. Hecht, p. 45.

47. Hecht, p. 46.

48. Hecht, p. 47.

49. Christie, p. 118.

50. Horn, Flunkeys, p. 153.

51. Pamela Sambrook, Keeping Their Place (2007), pp. 55–7 (afterwards Sambrook).

52. Hecht, p. 50.

53. Hecht, p. 50.

54. Christie, p. 136.

55. Hecht, p. 50.

56. T.F.T. Baker (ed.), Victoria County History of the County of Middlesex, vol. V (1976), p. 120.

57. ‘General Instructions’ of the 1730s, copy on display at Boughton House, outside the armoury; and information from the Duke of Buccleuch.

58. Waterfield, pp. 45–6.

59. Horn, Flunkeys, pp. 214–15.

60. Gilly Lehmann, The British Housewife (2003), p. 139 (afterwards Lehmann).

61. Mary-Anne Garry, ‘Upstairs and Downstairs’, in the Holkham Newsletter (2007), p. 5.

62. Hannah Glasse, The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy (1747).

63. Lehmann, p. 75.

64. Horn, Flunkeys, p. 136.

65. Lehmann, p. 76.

66. Lehmann, p. 75.

67. Hannah Glasse, The Servants Directory, Improved, or, House-keepers Companion (1762), pp. 1–8.

68. Glasse, pp. 1–8.

69. Glasse, Servants, pp. 11–14.

70. Duke of Northumberland Estates, DNP MSS, 121 (93), p. 118.

71. Glasse, Servant’s, p. 45.

72. Horn, Flunkeys, p. 150.

73. Tessa Murdoch (ed.), Noble Households (2006), p. 282.

74. Christina Hardyment, Behind the Scenes: Domestic Arrangements in Historic Houses (1997), p. 200.

75. Sambrook, pp. 129–30, 144, and 162–3.

76. Hardyment, p. 90.

77. Christie, p. 114.

78. Glasse, Servants, p. 42.

79. Letter from Michael Blount III to his father Michael Blount II, 20 October, 1787, from the Blount family papers, at Mapledurhan House, Berkshire, with thanks to Dr R.G. Williams, archivist.

80. Horn, Flunkeys, p. 147.

81. Christie, p. 114.

82. Christie, pp. 114–15.

83. Lehmann, p. 302.

84. Gordon Lyndall, Vindication: A Life of Mary Wollstonecraft