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the Kunar, however, insurgents and terrorists would simply lean these up against rocks behind the crest of a ridge near the intended target, then launch them. Because the 63-2 utilizes an electric actuator, it could be set on timers, allowing insurgents time to egress back to their safe houses long before an attack began. Inaccurate, these were used as harassment and terror weapons, but nevertheless inflicted causalties.

IED: Most Marines consider the Improvised Explosive Device, or IED (frequently referred to as a “roadside bomb”), to be the most insidious of all weapons used by insurgents and terrorists. IEDs come in an infinite number of designs and types, from command-wire-triggered land mines, to massive radio-controlled “daisy chained” artillery shells (multiple artillery shells, each with a detonator, electrically interconnected to one another). While the Marines of ⅔ utilized a number of techniques to mitigate the threat of IEDs, they ultimately found that the most effective and enduring came from establishing relationships with locals, who would point the Marines in the direction of caches of materials used to make IEDs—as well as identifying those responsible for building, emplacing, and triggering them.

APPENDIX II

INTERVIEWEES

All are members of the 2nd Battalion of the 3rd Marine Regiment, unless otherwise noted

Allan, Nigel J.R. (Afghanistan Historical Expert)

Anes, Mario Corporal

Bambey, John 1st Lieutenant

Bartels, Matthew 1st Lieutenant

Bradley, Justin Corporal

Brown, Richard Lance Corporal

Burgos, Chris Corporal

Capuzzi, Peter Captain

Chizmadia, Jesse 1st Lieutenant

Cirencione, Salvatore Corporal

Cooling, Norman Lieutenant Colonel (Battalion Commander, 3/3)

Corcoral, Kyle 1st Lieutenant

Crisp III, Lee Staff Sergeant

Diss, Corey Lance Corporal

Donnellan, James Lieutenant Colonel

Eggers, Keith Sergeant

Fisher, Cody Corporal

Geise, Steward 1st Lieutenant

Grissom, Kelly Captain

Guyton, Nick 1st Lieutenant

Hagan, Christopher 1st Lieutenant

Kinser, Patrick 1st Lieutenant

Konstant, J.J. 1st Lieutenant

Lemons, Roe 1st Lieutenant

Long, Robert 1st Lieutenant

MacMannis, Andrew Lieutenant Colonel

Middendorf, Ben 1st Lieutenant

Perna, Mark Lance Corporal

Pigman, Jamie HM3 (Navy Hospital Corpsman)

Plunk, Joshua Corporal

Priddy, Andrew Major (operations officer, 3/3)

Rashman, Zach Captain

Ratkowiak, Casmer Captain

Rock (The Rock) (Interpreter)

Roy, Joe Corporal

Sandvick-Monroe, Jeremy Lance Corporal

Scholl, Mike Lance Corporal

Scott, Robert Major

Seiffert, Lance 1st Lieutenant

Strand, Richard (Afghan Historical Expert)

Sultan (Interpreter)

Tracy, Matt Captain

Turner, Regan 1st Lieutenant

Waters, Perry Captain

Westerfield, Scott Major

Wood, Tom Major

Others, undisclosed

After Action Reports, undisclosed

REFERENCES

BOOKS

Afghanistan (Map). 1:1,500,000. Nelles Verlag, Germany.

Afghanistan (Map). International Travel Maps, 1:1,000,000. Vancouver, B.C. 2002.

Afghanistan Country Handbook: A Field Ready Reference Publication, DOD- 2630-AFG-018-03, October 2003.

Basic Pashto: Language Survival Guide, Monterey, CA: Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center, October 2002.

Borovik, Artyom. The Hidden War: A Russian Journalist’s Account of the Soviet War in Afghanistan. New York: Grove Press, 1990.

Bowden: Mark. Black Hawk Down. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1999.

Campaigning (MCDP 1-2) U.S. Marine Corps Headquarters, United States Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., 1997.

Coll, Steve. Ghost Wars. New York: Penguin Press, 2004.

Edwards, David B. Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

Ewans, Martin. Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics. New York: HarperCollins, 2002.

Giraldo, Jeanne K. and Harild A. Trinkunas. Terrorism Financing and State Responses: A Comparative Perspective. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.

Grau, Lester W. The Bear Went over the Mountain: Soviet Combat Tactics in Afghanistan. London: Frank Cass Publishers, 1998.

Gunaratna, Rohan.