War and Peace - Leo Tolstoy [824]
Friedland: A town in northwest Prussia, near Königsberg (Kaliningrad), where, on 14 June 1807, Napoleon’s army fought a twenty-three-hour battle against the Russians under Bennigsen, which ended with a total victory for the French and led to the signing of the peace of Tilsit between Napoleon and Alexander.
Friedrich-Wilhelm III (1770–1840): King of Prussia. Unsuccessful adversary of Napoleon, his forces were crushed at the battle of Jena in 1806. He was excluded from the negotiations at Tilsit in July 1807, where half of his territory was divided between the French and the Russians.
Genlis, Stephanie Félicité du Crest de St-Albin, Countess of (1746–1830): French writer and educator. Became a lady-in-waiting in the Palais Royal and governess to the children of the Duke of Chartres. Wrote comedies and novels to support her theories of education. After her husband was guillotined in 1793, she lived abroad in Berlin and Hamburg, but in 1799 Napoleon allowed her to return to France and awarded her a pension. Her writings, of a moralistic tendency, were very popular in the Russia of Alexander I.
Gérard, François (1770–1837): Historical painter; his painting of the battle of Austerlitz hangs in the museum of Versailles.
Gérard, Maurice Etienne (1773–1852): Marshal of the empire. His early service was under Bernadotte, whose aide-de-camp he became in 1797. Saw action in Austria and in Spain. In the 1812 campaign, as brigadier and then major general, he fought at Smolensk and Borodino. During the French retreat, he was second under Marshal Ney at the crossing of the Berezina, commanding the rear guard.
Gervinus, Georg Gottfried (1805–71): German historian, professor of literature and history at Göttingen, author of numerous works, including the History of the Nineteenth Century and a philosophical study, The Principles of History.
Gibbon, Edward (1737–94): English historian. His classic work, A History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in 1776–88, is marked by a strongly ironic style and a scorn of organized religion, especially Christianity.
Glinka, Sergei Nikolaevich (1774–1847): Elder brother of the composer Fyodor Nikolaevich Glinka, edited the Russian Messenger from 1808 to 1820; minor poet and dramatist, author of a number of historical works, including Notes of the Year 1812, which was one of Tolstoy’s sources.
Golitsyn, Prince Alexander Nikolaevich (1773–1844): Descendant of an ancient family of the Russian nobility, conservative politician prominent in the later part of the reign of Alexander I, minister of education, procurator of the Holy Synod, and chairman of the State Council.
Heudelet de Bierre, Etienne (1770–1857): French general, commanded the vanguard under Delmas and Moreau, fought at Austerlitz, was made major general in 1805. Also fought at Jena and Eylau and later in Spain. During the 1812 campaign, he commanded the second division of reserves.
Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Friedrich-Ludwig, Prince of (1746–1818): Prussian major general, governor of Berlin, at one time the most popular soldier in the Prussian army. Largely as a result of internal dissensions, his army was virtually destroyed by Napoleon at Jena in 1806.
Izmail: Turkish fortress on the Danube which, during the Russo-Turkish wars, passed back and forth three times between Turks and Russians. Taken by assault in 1790 by the Russian army under Suvorov’s command and with the participation of Kutuzov.
Jena: Town in eastern Germany, scene of a major battle between the French and the Prussians in 1806, in which Napoleon virtually destroyed the Prussian army led by Prince Hohenlohe.
Junot, Jean-Andoche (1771–1813): First met Napoleon at the siege of Toulon (1793), took part in the campaigns in Italy and Egypt, became major general and governor of Paris under the Consulat. Known for his sumptuous way of life. After some disputes with Napoleon,