War and Peace - Leo Tolstoy [826]
Larrey, Dominique (1766–1842): The outstanding surgeon of the Napoleonic era; introduced first aid and ambulances on the battlefield. Took part in all of Napoleon’s campaigns from Egypt on, and in 1805 was made surgeon in chief of the French army.
Lauriston, Jacques Jean Alexandre Bernard Law de (1768–1828): Met Bonaparte when both were students at the École Militaire in Brienne; retired from service but was called back under the Consulat, fought at Marengo and in the Austrian campaign, also undertook diplomatic missions, and served throughout the Russian campaign. Grand-nephew of John Law, the notorious Scottish financier.
Lavater, Johann Caspar (1741–1801): Swiss Protestant theologian, poet, and philosopher, invented the theory of physiognomy, a system of determining a person’s character by the distinguishing physical traits of the face and head.
Ledru des Essarts, François Roch (1766–1844): Fought in the early French republican campaigns in the Low Countries and Italy; brigadier general at Austerlitz and Eylau; major general in the Russian campaign, commanding a division under Ney. Fought at Borodino, Krasnoe, and during the entire retreat from Moscow to the Vistula.
Lemarrois, Jean Léonard François (1776–1836): Son of a Norman farmer, noticed by Napoleon at the siege of Toulon, became his aide-de-camp, and was witness at his marriage to Josephine. A major general at Austerlitz, appointed governor of Rome in 1809, he was left in charge of the camp at Boulogne during the Russian campaign.
Liechtenstein, Prince Johann von (1760–1836): Last of the princes of Liechtenstein to rule under the Holy Roman Empire. Field marshal and commander in chief of the Austrian army, he later led the peace negotiations with Napoleon, which were very fortunate for the French. Criticized, he resigned from the military in 1810. The Congress of Vienna declared the independence of his principality.
Ligne, Charles-Joseph, Prince of (1735–1814): General and writer, descendant of a princely family from Hainaut; served in the Austrian and Russian armies, was a friend of the Austrian emperor Joseph II, and journeyed to the Crimea with Catherine the Great in 1787.
Lodi: Town in northern Italy near Milan, scene of an important victory of Napoleon’s forces over the Austrians in 1796.
Lopukhin, Pyotr Vassilievich (1753–1827): Russian statesman, governor of Yaroslavl and Vologda under Catherine the Great, minister of justice under Alexander I from 1803 to 1810, later president of the council of ministers.
Mack von Liebereich, Baron Karl Freiherr (1752–1828): Austrian general. Outmaneuvered and surrounded by Napoleon’s troops at Ulm on 20 October 1805, he surrendered without a fight along with 30, 000 men. Napoleon allowed him to go free, but the Austrians eventually court-martialed him, stripped him of his rank, and sentenced him to twenty years in prison. Rehabilitated two years later.
Magnitsky, Mikhail Lavrentievich (1778–1855): Russian statesman, member of the State Council in 1812, collaborated with Speransky and was exiled along with him. He later reversed himself and made a career under the protection of the conservative ministers Arakcheev and Golitsyn.
Maloyaroslavets: Also written Maly Yaroslavets (Tolstoy uses both forms). Scene of a major battle on 24 October 1812, during the French retreat from Moscow. General Dokhturov, sent to intercept a foraging party, came upon the entire French army, quickly sent for reinforcements, and offered battle. At the end of the day, the town remained in French hands, but the strategic victory went to the Russians, since it forced Napoleon to retreat down the old Smolensk road.
Mamonov, Matvei Alexandrovich Dmitriev-(1790–1863): Son of one of Catherine the Great’s favorites, a Mason, and later a leading Decembrist (a secret society of young aristocrats