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CHAPTER TIMELINE

CHAPTER REVIEW

Upon Reflection

If attempts at reform of the Catholic Church were unsuccessful in the fifteenth century, why did they succeed during the sixteenth-century Reformation?

What role did politics play in the establishment of Lutheranism and Anglicanism?

Elizabeth of England and Philip II of Spain were two of Europe’s most famous monarchs in the second half of the sixteenth century. Compare and contrast their methods of ruling and their foreign policy. Which was a more successful ruler? Why?

Key Terms

Christian (northern Renaissance) humanism

pluralism

confession

justification

transubstantiation

millenarianism

predestination

Huguenots

politiques

Puritans

Suggestions for Further Reading

THE REFORMATION Basic surveys of the Reformation period include J. D. Tracy, Europe’s Reformations, 1450–1650 (Oxford, 1999); D. MacCulloch, The Reformation (New York, 2003); and E. Cameron, The European Reformation (New York, 1991). See also the brief works by U. Rublack, Reformation Europe (Cambridge, 2005), and P. Collinson, The Reformation: A History (New York, 2006). A brief but very useful introduction to the theology of the Reformation can be found in A. McGrath, Reformation Thought: An Introduction, 3rd rev. ed. (Oxford, 2001).

NORTHERN RENAISSANCE HUMANISM The development of humanism outside Italy is examined in C. G. Nauert Jr., Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 2006).

LUTHER AND LUTHERANISM The classic account of Martin Luther’s life is R. Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (New York, 1950). More recent works include H. A. Oberman, Luther (New York, 1992), and the brief biography by M. Marty, Martin Luther (New York, 2004). The spread of Luther’s ideas in Germany can be examined in C. S. Dixon, The Reformation and Rural Society (Cambridge, 2004), on the impact of the Reformation on the countryside in Germany, and R. W. Scribner, For the Sake of Simple Folk: Popular Propaganda for the German Reformation (Oxford, 1994), on the impact of popular culture in the spread of the Reformation. On the role of Charles V, see W. Maltby, The Reign of Charles V (New York, 2002).

SPREAD OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION W. P. Stephens’s Zwingli (Oxford, 1994) is an important study of the man’s ideas. The most comprehensive account of the various groups and individuals who are called Anabaptists is G. H. Williams, The Radical Reformation, 2nd ed. (Kirksville, Mo., 1992). Worthwhile surveys of the English Reformation are C. Haigh, English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society Under the Tudors (Oxford, 1993); N. L. Jones, English Reformation: Religion and Cultural Adaptation (London, 2002); and E. Duffy, Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, 1400–1580, 2nd ed. (New Haven, Conn., 2005), on the vibrancy of Catholicism in England in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. On John Calvin, see A. McGrath, A Life of John Calvin: A Study in the Shaping of Western Culture (Cambridge, Mass., 1990). On Calvinism, see W. G. Naphy, Calvin and the Consolidation of the Genevan Reformation (Philadelphia, 2003).

SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE REFORMATION On the impact of the Reformation on the family,see J. F. Harrington, Reordering Marriage and Society in Reformation Germany (New York, 1995). On the impact of the Reformation on women, see L. Roper, Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg (Oxford, 1997).

CATHOLIC REFORMATION A good introduction to the Catholic Reformation can be found in M. A. Mullett, The Catholic Reformation (London, 1999). Also valuable is R. P. Hsia, The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540–1770 (Cambridge, 1998). For new perspectives, see R. Bireley, The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700 (Washington, D.C., 1999), and J. O’Malley, Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era (Cambridge, Mass., 2002).

WARS OF RELIGION For good introductions to the French Wars of Religion, see M. P. Holt, The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629 (Cambridge, 1995),