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same time, religious preoccupations and values were losing ground to secular considerations. The seventeenth century was a period of transition toward the more secular spirit that has characterized modern Western civilization to the present. No stronger foundation for this spirit could be found than in the new view of the universe that was ushered in by the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century, and it is to that story that we turn in the next chapter.

CHAPTER TIMELINE

* * *

CHAPTER REVIEW

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Upon Reflection

What does the witchcraft craze tell us about European society in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

What did Louis XIV hope to accomplish in his domestic and foreign policies? To what extent did he succeed?

What role did the nobility play in Poland and England?

Key Terms

absolutism

divine-right monarchy

intendants

parlements

boyars

procurator

Janissaries

gentry

Mannerism

Baroque

Suggestions for Further Reading

GENERAL WORKS For general works on the seventeenth century, see T. Munck, Seventeenth-Century Europe, 1598–1700, 2nd ed. (London, 2005); Q. Deakin, Expansion, War, and Rebellion, 1598–1661 (Cambridge, 2000); and J. Bergin, Seventeenth-Century Europe, 1598–1715 (Oxford, 2001).

WITCHCRAFT CRAZE The story of the witchcraft craze can be examined in J. Klaits, Servants of Satan: The Age of the Witch Hunts (Bloomington, Ind., 1985). See also R. Briggs, Witches and Neighbors: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 2002).

THIRTY YEARS’ WAR The fundamental study of the Thirty Years’ War is now P. H. Wilson, The Thirty Years War: Europe’s Tragedy (Cambridge, Mass., 2009). For a brief study, see R. Bonney, The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648 (Oxford, 2002).

THE MILITARY REVOLUTION On the military revolution, see G. Parker, The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500–1800, 3rd ed. (Cambridge, 1995), and J. M. Black, A Military Revolution? Military Change and European Society (London, 1991).

FRANCE AND SPAIN For succinct accounts of seventeenth-century French history, see R. Briggs, Early Modern France, 1560–1715, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1998), and J. B. Collins, The State in Early Modern France (Cambridge, 1995). A solid and very readable biography of Louis XIV is A. Levi, Louis XIV (New York, 2004). For a shorter study, see P. R. Campbell, Louis XIV, 1661– 1715 (London, 1993). See also the collection of articles in P. Sonnino, ed., The Reign of Louis XIV (New York, 1990). A good general work on seventeenth-century Spanish history is J. Lynch, Spain Under the Habsburgs, 2nd ed. (New York, 1981).

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE On the German states, see P. H. Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806 (New York, 1999). On the creation of Austria, see C. Ingrao, The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 (Cambridge, 1994), and P. S. Fichtner, The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848 (New York, 2003). On Austria and Prussia, see P. H. Wilson, Absolutism in Central Europe (New York, 2000). On Frederick William the Great Elector, see D. McKay, The Great Elector (Essex, 2001).

RUSSIA Works on Peter the Great include L. Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (New Haven, Conn., 1998), and P. Bushkovitz, Peter the Great (Oxford, 2001).

ENGLISH REVOLUTIONS On the period of the English Revolutions, see M. A. Kishlansky, A Monarchy Transformed (London, 1996), and D. Purkiss, The English Civil War (New York, 2006). On Oliver Cromwell, see P. Gaunt, Oliver Cromwell (Cambridge, Mass., 1996). For a general survey of the post-Cromwellian era, see T. Harris, Politics Under the Late Stuarts (London, 1993).

UNITED PROVINCES On the United Provinces, J. Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall (New York, 1995), is a valuable but lengthy study. Of much value is S. Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (New York, 1987).

EUROPEAN CULTURE A brief, readable guide to Mannerism is L. Murray, The High Renaissance and Mannerism (New York, 1985). For a general survey of Baroque culture,