What You Can Change _. And What You Can't - Martin E. Seligman [151]
In the genetic study of lesbianism, unlike the study of male homosexuality, sisters were just as concordant for lesbianism as fraternal twins, suggesting no clear role for fetal hormones. M. Bailey, R. Pillard, M. Neale, and Y. Agyei, “Heritable Factors Influence Sexual Orientation in Women,” Archives of General Psychiatry 50 (1993): 217–23.
13. In the original study (M. Feldman and M. MacCulloch, “The Application of Anticipatory Avoidance Learning to the Treatment of Homosexuality. 1. Theory, Technique, and Preliminary Results,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 2 [1966]: 165–83), the authors found marked improvement in 58 percent of the men who started therapy and 69 percent of the men who completed therapy. In an automated follow-up, only 31 percent of the men who started therapy and 42 percent of the completers improved markedly. “Heterophobes” and men completely indifferent to women did not improve. See S. James, A. Orwin, and R. Turner, “Treatment of Homosexuality. 1. Analysis of Failure Following a Trial of Anticipatory Avoidance Conditioning and the Development of an Alternative Treatment System,” Behavior Therapy 8 (1977): 840–48. See also N. McConaghy, M. Armstrong, and A. Blaszczynski, “Controlled Comparison of Aversive Therapy and Covert Sensitization in Compulsive Homosexuality,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 19 (1981): 425–34. They also find about 50 percent success, but argue that no change in sexual orientation has occurred. The best overall review is H. Adams and E. Sturgis, “Status of Behavioral Reorientation Techniques in the Modification of Homosexuality: A Review,” Psychological Bulletin 84 (1977): 1171–88.
14. R. Baenninger, “Some Consequences of Aggressive Behavior: A Selective Review of the Literature on Other Animals,” Aggressive Behavior 1 (1974): 17–37.
15. T. Templeman and R. Stinnett, “Patterns of Sexual Arousal and History in a ‘Normal’ Sample of Young Men,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 20 (1991): 137–50.
16. This is the view propounded by Richard von Krafft-Ebing. His Psychopathia Sexualis (New York: Physicians’ and Surgeons’ Book Company, 1922) is a great and eminently readable compilation. I number him with Freud, Kinsey, Masters and Johnson, and John Money among the great liberators in this field.
17. For example, see D. Raphling, “Fetishism in a Woman,” Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 37 (1989): 465–91. The S-M study is N. Breslow, L. Evans, and J. Langley, “On the Prevalence and Roles of Females in the Sadomasochistic Subculture: Report of an Empirical Study,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 14 (1985): 303–17.
18. I recommend the first chapter of the explosive Sexual Personae (New York: Vintage, 1991), by the bete noire of feminism, Camille Paglia, for the view that promiscuity is normal in men but an illness in women. As for evidence, see David Buss’s cross-cultural studies about sexual attractants in men versus women, reported in his “Sex Differences in Human Mate Preferences: Evolutionary Hypotheses Tested in 37 Cultures,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (1989): 1–49.
19. W. Marshall, A. Eccles, and H. Barbaree, “The Treatment of Exhibitionists: A Focus on Sexual Deviance Versus Cognitive and Relationship Features,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 29 (1991): 129–35; B. Maletzky, “‘Assisted’ Covert Sensitization in the Treatment of Exhibitionism,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 42 (1974): 34–40.
20. A thorough review is found in J. Bradford, “Organic Treatment for the Male Sexual Offender,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 528 (1988): 193–202.
21. There are large literatures on all these points. Two good reviews are A. Huston, “The Development of Sex Typing: Themes from Recent Research,” in Developmental Review 5 (1985): 1–17; and M. Sedney, “Development of Androgyny: Parental Influences,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 11 (1987): 31–326. The classic in this field is