What You Can Change _. And What You Can't - Martin E. Seligman [160]
37. The outstanding review of this large literature is G. Bray, “Exercise and Obesity,” in C. Bouchard, R. Shepard, T. Stephens, et al., eds., Exercise, Fitness, and Health. A Consensus of Current Knowledge (Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics, 1990), 497–510. See also J. Foreyt and G. Goodrick, “Factors Common to Successful Therapy for the Obese Patient,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23 (1991): 292–97; and L. Ekelund, W. Haskell, J. Johnson, et al., “Physical Fitness as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Mortality in Asymptomatic North American Men,” New England Journal of Medicine 319 (1988): 1379–84. S. Kayman, W. Bruvold, and J. Stern, “Maintenance and Relapse After Weight Loss in Women: Behavioral Aspects,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52 (1990): 800–807, found in a retrospective study that 90 percent of women who had dieted on their own and not regained weight exercised regularly, but that only 34 percent of relapsers did.
38. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Diet and Health Risk: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk, 159–258, 431–64. Martin Katahn’s popular T-Factor Diet: Lose Weight Safely and Quickly Without Counting Calories or Even Cutting Them (New York: Norton, 1989) is a useful guide to avoiding fatty foods. R. Stamler, J. Stamler, F. Gosch, et al., “Primary Prevention of Hypertension by Nutritional-Hygienic Means: Final Report of a Randomized, Controlled Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 262 (1989): 1801–7.
39. These steps come from the last chapter of Polivy and Herman, Breaking the Diet Habit, 190–211.
40. C. Yale, “Gastric Surgery for the Morbidly Obese,” Archives of Surgery 124 (1989): 941–46, followed 537 patients who underwent one of three kinds of surgery. In a five-year follow-up, gastric bypass was better than vertical-banded gastroplasty (VBG), which was much better than unbanded gastrogastrostomy. J. Hall, J. Watts, P. O’Brien, et al., “Gastric Surgery for Morbid Obesity: The Adelaide Study,” Annals of Surgery 211 (1990): 419–27, followed 310 patients for three years, with similar outcomes. Cardiac function seems to improve after such surgery. See A. Alaud-din, S. Meterissian, R. Lisbona, et al., “Assessment of Cardiac Function in Patients Who Were Morbidly Obese,” Surgery 108 (1990): 809–20.
CHAPTER 13 Alcohol
1. 1. See my Learned Optimism (New York: Knopf, 1991), chapter 6, for a review of the evidence on this fascinating and robust illusion of control. The most recent piece showing realism as a risk factor for depression is L. Alloy and C. Clements, “Illusion of Control: Invulnerability to Negative Affect and Depressive Symptoms After Laboratory and Natural Stressors,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101 (1992): 234–45.
2. “Drunkenness a Vice, Not a Disease” is the title of an 1882 pamphlet by J. E. Todd (Hartford, Conn.: Case, Lockwood, and Brainard). The parallel to thieving and lynching comes from E. J. McGoldrick, The Management of the Mind (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954).
3. There have been at least ten heritability studies of alcoholism that converge on a substantial genetic risk. These are reviewed by D. Goodwin, “Alcoholism and Heredity,” Archives of General Psychiatry 36 (1979): 57–61. The most complete review is in C. Cloninger and H. Begleiter, eds., Genetics and Biology of Alcoholism (Banbury Report Number 33) (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Press: 1990).
4. George Vaillant, in his landmark and courageous book The Natural History of Alcoholism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), uses this metaphor in his illuminating argument for retaining the medical model of alcoholism. It is, along with James Orford’s sober Excessive Appetites: A Psychological View of Addictions (New York: Wiley, 1985), one of the two must reads in the field of alcoholism.
5. See G. A. Marlatt and J. Gordon, Relapse Prevention (New York: Guilford, 1985), for the argument that twelve-step programs and the disease concept are more pessimistic