Whirlwind - Barrett Tillman [140]
138 In order to determine: Stephen Budiansky, Air Power (New York: Viking, 2004), 336–37.
139 Napalm was developed: “The Man Who Invented Napalm,” Time, January 5, 1968, http://web.archive.org/web/20050312093403/http://moderntimes.vcdh.virginia.edu/PVCC/mbase/docs/napalm.html.
139 The third incendiary weapon: John W. Mountcastle, Flame On! U.S. Incendiary Weapons, 1918–1945 (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 1999), 109–111.
140 “It made a lot of sense”: Thomas R. Searle, “The Fire Bombing of Tokyo in March 1945,” Journal of Military History, January 2002, 115–16.
140 “it was necessary”: Ronald Schaffer, Wings of Judgment: American Bombing in World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 109.
140 “The panic side”: Ibid., 118.
141 The first firestorm: Francis K. Mason, Battle over Britain (New York: Doubleday, 1969), 473–74.
142 That same year: Taschenbuch f. Deutsche Polizei/Feuerwehr u. Feuerschutzpolizei, Berlin, 1941, Axis History Forum, http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=38&t=130909&sid=706355c2f36b40c988557b27c42864c6&p=1190967#p1190967.
143 As was often the case: F. J. Bradley, No Strategic Targets Left (Nashville: Turner, 1999), 34.
143 “by ritual”: John Costello, The Pacific War (New York: Rawson, Wade, 1981), 549.
143 “Men were recruited”: Horatio Bond, ed., Fire and the Air War (Boston: National Fire Protection Association, 1946), 152.
144 By contrast: “New York City 1945 Annual Report: Fire Extinguishing Force,” courtesy Ed Fahey, November 2007.
144 “large equipment”: Bond, Fire and the Air War, 155.
145 “The common portable”: Ibid., 156.
145 As an island nation: Ibid., 155; “Proud History: FDNY Fireboat Fleet,” http://www.fireboat.org/history/fleetlist.asp.
146 “totally inadequate”: Attaché Report No. 161-40, September 30, 1940, http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:E_riunEJFGwJ:www.alanarmstronglaw.com/187.pdf+%22important+bombing+objectives%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us.
146 “The reason”: Assistant Chief of Air Staff–Intelligence, HQ AAF, Mission Accomplished: Interrogations of Japanese Industrial, Military, and Civil Leaders, Washington, DC, 1946, 29.
146 “the library Obunko”: Alvin Coox, Japan: The Final Agony (New York: Ballantine, 1970), 24.
147 “once the gayest”: John Toland, The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945 (New York: Random House, 1970), 834.
148 “Night incendiary”: “56 Years Ago Today,” http://www.xmission.com/~tmathews/b29/56years/56years-4503a.html.
148 “fiery pancakes”: “Incendiary Jelly,” Time, April 2, 1945.
148 “Bright flashes”: Robert Guillain, in Costello, The Pacific War, 550.
150 Nearly 100 fire trucks: Richard Frank, Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire (New York: Random House, 1999), 8.
150 “The key to survival”: Ibid., 9.
150 “The whole spectacle”: Martin Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy (New York: Ballantine, 1961), 141.
151 “like match sticks”: Toland, The Rising Sun, 836.
151 “the hellfire began”: Frank, Downfall, 9.
152 “like a cork”: Gordon Bennett Robertson, Jr., Bringing the Thunder: The Missions of a World War II B-29 Pilot (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2006), 10.
153 “Stacked up corpses”: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/fire_raids_on_japan.htm.
153 “Red fire clouds”: Mission Accomplished, 24.
153 fewer than 1,300 deaths: Frank, Downfall, 17. The actual death toll remains unknown. Authorities reckoned 83,793 dead but the uncounted missing could have raised the figure to 100,000.
154 “The effect of incendiary bombing”: Mission Accomplished, 73.
154 “It was the great incendiary attacks”: Ibid., 49.
155 “Looked as though”: http://www.xmission.com/~tmathews/b29/56years/56years-4503a.html.
156 “This is a significant”: Lawrence S. Smith, 9th Bombardment Group (VH) History (Princeton: 9th Bomb Group Association, 1995), 133.
157 “It became apparent”: Mission Accomplished, 24.
157 “After the first B-29 raid”: John W. Mountcastle, Flame On! U.S. Incendiary Weapons, 1918–1945 (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 1999), 112.
157 In one ward