Why Darwin Matters_ The Case Against Intelligent Design - Michael Shermer [82]
25. Michael Behe, Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution (New York: Free Press, 1996), p. 39.
26. Ibid., pp. 232–33
27. Michael Behe, “Molecular Machines: Experimental Support for the Design Inference,” paper presented at the summer meeting of the C. S. Lewis Society, Cambridge University, United Kingdom, 1994. Available online at http://www.arn.org/docs/behe/mb_mm92496.htm.
28. Robert Pennock, Tower of Babel: The Evidence against the New Creationism (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999).
29. Jerry Coyne, “God in the Details,” Nature, No. 383 (1996), pp. 227–28.
30. Charles Darwin, On the Various Contrivances by Which British and Foreign Orchids Are Fertilized by Insects, and on the Good Effects of Intercrossing (London: John Murray, 1862), p. 348.
31. Stephen Jay Gould and Elizabeth Vrba, “Exaptation: A Missing Term in the Science of Form,” Paleobiology No. 8 (1982), pp. 4–15.
32. R. O. Prum and A. H. Brush, “Which Came First, the Feather or the Bird: A Long-Cherished View of How and Why Feathers Evolved Has Now Been Overturned,” Scientific American (March 2003), pp. 84–93.
33. Kevin Padian and L. M. Chiappe, “The Origin of Birds and Their Flight,” Scientific American (February 1998), pp. 38–47.
34. K. P. Dial, “Wing-Assisted Incline Running and the Evolution of Flight,” Science, No. 299 (2003), pp. 402–4; P. Burgers and L. M. Chiappe, “The Wing of Archaeopteryx as a Primary Thrust Generator,” Nature, No. 399 (1999), pp. 60–62; P. Burgers and Kevin Padian, “Why Thrust and Ground Effect Are More Important Than Lift in the Evolution of Sustained Flight,” in J. Gauthier and L. F. Gall (eds.), New Perspectives on the Origin and Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrum (New Haven, Conn.: Peabody Museum of Natural History, 2001), pp. 351–61.
35. Alan Gishlick, “Evolutionary Paths to Irreducible Systems: The Avian Flight Apparatus,” in Young and Edis (eds.), Why Intelligent Design Fails, pp. 58–71.
36. A. J. Spormann, “Gliding Motility in Bacteria: Insights from Studies of Myxococcus Xanthus,” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews No. 63 (1999), pp. 621–41.
37. S. I. Aizawa, “Bacterial Flagella and Type-III Secretion Systems,” FEMS Microbiology Letters No. 202 (2001), pp. 157–64.
38. Ian Musgrave, “Evolution of the Bacterial Flagellus,” in Young and Edis (eds.), Why Intelligent Design Fails, pp. 72–84.
39. Dembski, No Free Lunch, pp. 159–60.
40. Ibid., pp. 212, 223.
41. Ibid., pp. 166–73.
42. Lynn Margulis and Dorion Sagan, Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Origins of Species (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
43. Richard Dawkins, “Weaving a Genetic Rainbow: How Evolution Increases Information in the Genome,” Skeptic Vol. 7, No. 2 (2000), pp. 64–69.
44. This point was well made by Kenneth Miller in his book Finding Darwin’s God (New York: Perennial, 2000).
45. Sean Carroll, “The Origins of Form,” Natural History (November 2005), pp. 58–63; Sean Carroll, Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005).
46. For examples see Douglas Futuyma, Evolution (Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer, 2005).
47. Douglas Futuyma, “On Darwin’s Shoulders,” Natural History (November 2005), pp. 64–68.
48. Henry Morris, The Troubled Waters of Evolution (San Diego, Calif.: Creation Life, 1972), p. 110.
49. Peter Atkins, The Second Law: Energy, Chaos and Form (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994).
50. Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
51. Richard Hardison, Upon the Shoulders of Giants (Baltimore, Md.: University Press of America, 1985). Independently of Hardison, and around the same time, Richard Dawkins famously conducted the same computer experiment, as reported in his book The Blind Watchmaker (New York: W. W. Norton, 1986), except he used a different phrase—“Methinks it is like a weasel.” Neither one of them knew