Why Leaders Lie - Mearsheimer, John J_ [62]
13. John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 92–97.
14. Works that emphasize both the nationalist and realist sides of Bismarck’s foreign policy between 1862 and 1870 are: Lothar Gall, Bismarck: The White Revolutionary, trans. J. A. Underwood (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1986); Bruce Waller, Bismarck, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), chaps. 2–4; Otto Pflanze, Bismarck and the Development of Germany: The Period of Unification, 1815–1871 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973).
Chapter 9
1. Minxin Pei, China’s Trapped Transition: The Limits of Developmental Autocracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).
Index
Acheson, Dean, 45
adversary’s capabilities, lying about, 38
aerial-bombing, by British on Germany, 80
Afghan war, 102
altruistic lies, 7 (see also selfish lies)
ambassador, Wotton’s remark on, 25
American courtroom, lying and spinning, 17
American Bar Association (ABA), 17
American Political Science Association, ix–x
anarchy, 58
Atatürk, Kemal, 46
At the Center of the Storm (Tenet), 4
attorneys, interest in, 17
Augustine, perspective on lying, 10
backfiring, in international lying, 101
bamboozling, 18, 19, 28, 29, 44, 56, 90
bargaining power, 40
Ben-Gurion, David, 66
bin Laden, Osama
Al Qaeda, killing on September 11, 81
and Hussein, Saddam, association with, 5, 18, 50, 107n5
Bismarck, Otto von
behavior of, Franco-Prussian War (1870), 37–38
falsehoods, 38, 99
foreign policy of, 132n14
Blair, Tony, 54
bluffing, 40–41
definition of, 19
in international negotiations, 41
for labor negotiation, 114n33
and lying, 105–6n15
of states, reputation and future, 130–31n7
Bok, Sissela, 26
Britain
aerial-bombing on Germany during World War II, 80
fearmongering in, 61
and Iraq war, 54–55
liberal lies, 79
lies about Kenyan gulag, 67
lies about tank manufacturing, 34
Browne Center for International Politics, x
bullshitting, 106n2
Bundy, McGeorge, 49
Burnham, James, 60
Bush administration
concealment, 17–18, 49–55
on inter-state lying, 121n46
Iraq War, lies on, 49–55, 59, 101, 102, 122n49
lying about adversary’s capabilities, 38
on Saddam’s removal, 121n45
fearmongering in, 49–55, 59
Cheney, Dick, fearmongering, 51–54
Churchill, Winston, 40, 78
Cohen, Richard, 59
Cold War
Japan and United States, strategic cover-ups, 67–68
nationalist myths during, 73
United States after, 101
Concealment, 9, 13, 15, 25 (see also deceptions)
in Bush administration, 17–18, 49–55
characteristics, 19
in international politics, 27
as legitimate, 10
versus strategic cover-ups, 64
Council on Foreign Relations, New York, ix
counter-spinners, 19
courts, lying and spinning in, 17
Cuban Missile Crisis, 58–59, 66–67
dangers, international lying. See specific lying/lies
deception campaign, 45
in Bush administration, 49–55, 59, 62
in Johnson administration, 47–49
in Roosevelt administration, 46–47
in Truman administration, 56
deceptions, 7, 21, 24
definition of, 15
in foreign-policy decisions, 27–28
forms of, 16–20 (see also concealment; lying; spinning)
in military organization, 114n31
decision-making process, inter-state lies, 27
democracies
fearmongering and, 59–60
liberal lies and, 78
masking controversial policies, 69–70
pervasive lies, impact of, 85–86
transparency and honesty, benefits of, 84
democratic institutions, fearmongering in, 102
dishonesty, 30, 83, 84, 85, 89, 101
distortion, 17
Downes, Alexander, 77
downplaying hostile intentions
to avoid attack, 35–36
to facilitate attack, 31, 34–35
downplaying military capabilities, 32–34
Duelfer Report
on deceiving the world, 4–5
by Iraq Survey Group, 4
Eisenhower administration
EDC Treaty ratification of, 41–42
lying about surveillance program, 38–39
nuclear weapons, abandoning of, 32
elites
fearmongering by, 59–62
liberal lies by, 77–82
nationalist myths by, 74